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In Europa, l’economia produttiva fu introdotta dall’esterno o insorse come risultato di un autonomo processo di sviluppo? E’ questo il quesito con il quale si apre il Capitolo IV.

Questo capitolo è specificamente dedicato al Neolitico in Grecia. La narrazione in esso contenuta si sviluppa dapprima con riferimento alla Grecia continentale, che abbraccia le regioni settentrionali e centrali, e il Peloponneso; quindi, con riguardo alle isole del Mar Egeo.


Fig. 1 - Paroikià(Paros, Isole Cicladi, Grecia) - Museo Archeologico: Materiali provenienti dagli scavi di Saliagos.

Per quanto riguarda la Grecia continentale e peninsulare, si parla innanzitutto dei principali sviluppi culturali maturati in ognuna delle fasi iniziali (Neolitico Antico, Neolitico Medio), nel campo, rispettivamente, delle produzioni artigianali, della spiritualità e delle connesse manifestazioni artistiche, dello scambio, delle tombe e degli usi funerari.


Fig. 2 - Paroikià(Paros, Isole Cicladi, Grecia) - Museo Archeologico: Materiali provenienti dagli scavi di Saliagos.

Il Neolitico Recente viene considerato sotto diversi aspetti: 1) la produzione di manufatti, mettendo in rilievo, via via, la diversificazione delle tecniche di lavorazione dei materiali lapidei e dei prodotti della tecnologia litica, la comparsa di stili vascolari regionali, la lavorazione delle conchiglie per ricavare ornamenti personali; 2) l’arte mobiliare, con particolare riferimento alle figurine femminili e a un modellino di abitazione con la rappresentazione degli abitanti, forse un "deposito di formazione"; 3) lo scambio; 4) le tombe e gli usi funerari (con Plateia Magoula Zarkou, il più antico sepolcreto organizzato della Grecia); 5) infine le due fasi evolutive, antica e recente, della Cultura di Dimini.

Per ciò che concerne il Neolitico nella isole del Mar Egeo, si parla innanzitutto del popolamento umano iniziale di Creta e delle isole Cicladi.

Si parla, in particolare, in primo luogo, delle culture neolitiche di Creta come vengono attualmente ricostruite sulla base delle testimonianze archeologiche emerse in vari siti dell’isola, ma soprattutto sulla base delle architetture e degli elementi di cultura materiale messi in luce negli strati iniziali della sequenza di Kephala, a Cnosso. Si prosegue illustrando in dettaglio la Cultura di Saliagos, che fu espressione di una comunità di pescatori di tonni che occupò nel Neolitico Recente quello che allora era un promontorio nell’istmo che univa Paros ad Antiparos ed è oggi uno scoglio appena affiorante nel braccio di mare che separa le due isole.


Fig. 3 - Paroikià(Paros, Isole Cicladi, Grecia) - Museo Archeologico: Materiali provenienti dagli scavi di Saliagos.

Chiude il capitolo un paragrafo dedicato alla cultura calcolitica cosiddetta "dell’Attica-Kephala", con particolare riferimento alle testimonianze scoperte sul promontorio di Kephala nell’isola di Keos.

Bibliografia

Alram-Stern E. (a cura di), 1996, Das Neolithikum in Griechenland, mit Ausnahme von Kreta und Zypern, in "Die Aegeische Fruhzeist, 2.Serie, Forschungsbericht 1975-1993", I, Wien.

Andel (van) T.H. & Runnels C.:

-1987, Beyond the Acropolis: A Rural Greek Past, Stanford, pp. 43-77;

-1995, The Earliest Farmers in Europe, in "Antiquity" 69, pp. 481-500.

Andreou S., Fotiadis M. & Kotsakis K., 1996, Review of Aegean Prehistory V: The Neolithic and Bronze Age of Northern Greece, "AJA" 100, pp. 537-597.

Demoule J.-P. & Perlés C., "The Greek Neolithic: A New Review," JWP 7(1993) 355-416;

Kalogirou A., 1997, Pottery Production and Craft Specialization in Neolithic Greece, in R. Laffineur & P. P. Betancourt (a cura di), TEXNH: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age [Aegaeum 16], pp. 11-17.

Papathanasopoulos G.A. (a cura di), 1996, Neolithic Culture in Greece, Athens.

Runnels C., 1995, Review of Aegean Prehistory IV: The Stone Age of Greece from the Palaeolithic to the Advent of the Neolithic, in "American Journal of Archaeology (AJA)" 99, pp. 699-728.

Theocharis D.R. (a cura di), 1981, Neolithic Greece, Athens.

Treuil R., 1983, Le Nèolithique et le Bronze Ancien ègèens, Paris.

Vitelli K.D., 1995, Pots, Potters, and and the Shaping of Greek Neolithic Society, in W. Barnett and J. Hoopes (a cura di), The Emergence of Pottery: Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, Washington D.C., pp. 55-63.

1. L’insorgenza del Neolitico in Europa: diffusione o evoluzione?

Ammerman A.J. & Cavalli-Sforza L., 1971, Measuring the Spread of Early Farming in Europe, in "Man" n.s. 6, pp. 674-88.

Childe V.G., 1934, New Light on Most Ancient East: The Oriental Prelude to European Prehistory, London.

Clark J.G.D., 1965, Radiocarbon Dating and the Expansion of Farming from the Near East over Europe, in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society" 21, pp. 58-73.

Whittle A., 1996, Europe in the Neolithic. the creation of new worlds, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

2. La sequenza neolitica in Grecia.

Babelidis M., Kotsakis K., Tsokas G. & Tsoukala E. (a cura di), Archaeometrical and Archaeological Research in Macedonia and Thrace, Thessalonike, pp. 135-148.

Decourt J.-L., Helly B. & Gallis K. (a cura di), La Thessalie, Colloque international d’archèologie: 15 annèes de rècherches (1075-1990), bilans et perspectives, Lyon, 1990, pp. 125-30, Athens, Tameio Arhaiologikou poron kai apallotrioseon.

Demoule J.P. & Perlés C., 1983, The Greek Neolithic: A New Review, in "Journal of World Prehistory 7, pp. 355-416.

Demoule J.-P. & Perlés C., 1993, The Greek Neolithic: A New Review, in "Journal of World Prehistory" 7, pp. 355-416.

Grammenos D.B.:

- 1991, Neolithikes Ereunes sten Kentrike kai Anatolike Makedonia, Athens;

- 1997, Neolithika themata apo te Makedonia kai ten eurtere tes perioche, in D. Grammenos (a cura di), Neolithike Makedonia, pp. 267-367.

Grammenos D.B. (a cura di), 1997, Neolithike Makedonia, Athens.

Heutley W.A., 1939, Prehistoric Macedonia, Cambridge, The University Press.

Wilkie N.C. & Savina M.E., 1997, The Earliest Farmers in Macedonia, in "Antiquity" 71, pp. 201-207.

Cronologia

Neustupny E.:

- 1968, Absolute chronology of the Neolithic and aeneolithic periods in central and south-eastern Europe, in "Slovenska Archaeologia" 16, pp. 19-60;

- 1969, Absolute chronologiy of the Neolithic and aeneolithic periods in central and south-eastern Europe II, in "Archaeologicke Rozhledy" " 21, pp. 783-810.

2.1. Le fasi iniziali (Neolitico Antico, Neolitico Medio).

Andel (van) T.H., Gallis K. & Toufexis G., 1995, Early Neolithic Farming in a Thessalian River Landscape, Greece, in J. Lewin, M. G. Macklin & J. C. Woodward (a cura di), Mediterranean Quaternary River Environments, Rotterdam, pp. 131-143.

Nandris J., 1979, The development and relationships of the earlier Greek Neolithic, in "Man" 5, pp. 191-213.

Perlés C.:

-1989, La Nèolithisation de la Gréce, in O. Aurenche and J. Cauvin (a cura di), Nèolithisations. Proche et Moyen Orient, Mediterranèe orientale, Nord de l'Afrique, Europe mèridionale, Chine, Amèrique du Sud, in "British Archaeological Reports, International Series" 516, Oxford, pp. 109-127;

- 1994, Les dèbuts du Nèolithique en Gréce, in "La Recherche" 266, pp. 642-649.

Hodder I., 1990, The domestication in Europe, Oxford, Blackwell.

2.1.1. Gli insediamenti

Halstead P., 1989, The economy has a normal surplus: economic stability and social change among early farming coimmunities of Thessaly, Greece. In P. Halstead & J. O’Shea (a cura di), Bad year economics: cultural responses to risk and uncertainty, pp. 68-80, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Theocharis D.R., 1967, E eye tes thessalikes prostorias. Arche kai proime exelisexe tes neolithikes, Vòlos.

Achilleion

Bjark C., 1995, Early Pottery in Greece: A Technological and Functional Analysis of the Evidence from Neolithic Achilleion, Thessaly, in "Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology" 115, Jonsered.

Chourmouziades G., 1971, "Dyo neai enkatastaseis tes archaioteras Neolithikes eis ten dytiken Thessalian," in "AAA" 4, pp. 164-175.

Gimbutas M., 1974, Achilleion: a Neolithic mound in Thessaly, in "Journal of Field Archaeology" I, pp. 277-302.

Gimbutas M., Shimabuku S., Winn S. et al., 1989, Achilleion: A Neolithic Settlement in Northern Greece, 6400-5600 B.C., Los Angeles, Monumenta Archaeologica University of California.

Prodromos

Halstead P. & Jones G., 1980, Early Neolithic Economy in Thessaly. Some evidence from excavations in Prodromos, in "Anthropoloyika" 1, pp. 93-117.

Otzaki Magoula

Hauptmann H., 1981, Die deutschen Ausgrabungen auf der Otzaki-Magula in Thessalien, III: das spate Neolithikum und das Chalkolithicum, Rudolf Habelt, Bonn.

Milosjcic V., Zumbusch J. & Milosjcic J., 1971, Die deutschen Ausgrabungen auf der Otzaki-Magula I. Das Fruhe Neolithicum (Beitrage zur ur-und fruhgesh. Archaologie des Mittelmeer-Kulturraumes, 1O/11).

Mottier Y., 1981, Die deutschen Ausgrabungen auf der Otzaki-Magula in Thessalien I: Das mittlere Neolithikum, Bonn.

Sesklo Kotsakis K.:

- 1981, Tria oikomata tou oikismon tou Sesklou: anaskafiki erevna., in "Anthropoloyica" 2, pp. 87-198;

- 1983, Kerameike technologia kai kerameike diaphoropoiese. Problemata tes graptes kerameikes tes meses epoches tou Sesklou (Ph.D. dissertation; University of Thessalonika);

-1995, The use of habitational space in Neolithic Sesklo, in J.-L. Decourt, B. Helly and K. Gallis (a cura di), La Thessalie, Colloque international d’archèologie: 15 annèes de rècherches (1075-1990), bilans et perspectives, Lyon, 1990, pp. 125-30, Athens, Tameio Arhaiologikou poron kai apallotrioseon.

Argissa Magoula

Milosjcic V., 1959, Hauptergebnisse der deutschen Ausgrabungen in Thessalien (1953-1958), in "Jahrbuch des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz" 6, pp. 1-56.

Milojcic V., Boessneck J. & Hopf M. (a cura di), 1962, Argissa-Magula I: Das prekeramische Neolithikum sowie die Tier- und Pflanzenreste, Bonn.

Milosjcic V., Boessneck J. & Hopf M., 1962, Die deutschen Ausgrabungen auf der Argissa Magula in Thessalien, Vol. I: Das praekeramische Neolitikhum sowie die Tier-und Pflanzenreste (Beitrage zur ur-und fruhgesch. Archaologie des Mittelmeer-Kulturraumes, Band 2, Bonn.

Weisshaar H.-J., 1989, Die deutschen Ausgrabungen auf der Pevkakia-Magula in Thesslaien I: Das spate Neolithikum und das Chalkolithikum, Mainz.

Wijnen M., 1982, The Early Neolithic I Settlement at Sesklo. An Early Farming Community in Thessaly, Greece, Leiden.

Soufli Magoula

Biesantz H., 1959, "Die Ausgrabung bei der Soufli-Magula", in "Archaeologia Austriaca" 56.

Nea Nikomedia

Bintliff J., 1976, The plain of western Macedonia and the site of Nea Nikomedeia, in "Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society" 42, pp. 241-62.

Pyke G. & Yiouni P., 1996, Nea Nikomedeia: The Excavation of an Early Neolithic Village in Northern Greece 1961-1963 I: The Excavation and the Ceramic Assemblage, in "Annals of the British School at Athens (BSA)" Supplement, 25, London.

Rodden R.:

- 1962, Excavations at the Early Neolithic Site of Nea Nicomedeia, Greek Macedonia (1961 season), in "Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society" 28, pp. 267-88.

-1965, An Early Neolithic Village in Greece, in "Scientific American" 212 (April), pp. 82-92.

Dimitra Fotiadis M., 1997, Dimitra, Eastern Macedonia: Reconstructing the Economic Model of a Neolithic Community's Natural Environment, in D. Grammenos (a cura di), Neolithike Makedonia, Athens, pp. 63-79.

Grammenos D., 1997, Demetra. Pro•storikos oikismos konta stis Serres, in D. Grammenos (a cura di), Neolithike Makedonia, Athens, pp. 25-58.

Kessissoglou M.D. & Mirtsou E.A., 1997, Ceramic Technology in Dimitra during the Neolithic Period, in D. Grammenos (a cura di), Neolithike Makedonia, Athens, pp. 84-90.

Marangou C., 1997, Neolithic Micrography: Miniature Modelling at Dimitra, in D. Grammenos (a cura di), Neolithike Makedonia, Athens pp. 227-266.

Pilali-Papasteriou A. & E. Papaefthimiou-Papanthemou E., 1989, Nees anaskaphikes ereunes sto Mandalo Dytikes Makedonias, in "Egnatia" 1, pp. 17-27

Servia

Ridley C. & Wardle K.A., 1979, Rescue excavations at Servia, 1971-1973: a preliminay report, in "Annals of the British School at Athens (BSA)" 74, pp. 185-230.

Makri

Agelarakis A. & Efstratiou N., 1996, Skeletal Remains from the Neolithic Site of Makri-Thrace: A Preliminary Report, in I. Stratis, M. Babelidis, K. Kotsakis, G. Tsokas, and E. Tsoukala (a cura di), Archaeometrical and Archaeological Research in Macedonia and Thrace, Thessalonike, pp. 11-21.

Paradeisos

Hellstrom P. (a cura di), 1987, Paradeisos. A Late Neolithic Settlement in Aegean Thrace, Stockholm.

2.1.2. I cambiamenti della ceramica (Ceramica Monocroma Primitiva. Proto-Sesklo. Pre-Sesklo. Sesklo)

Gardner E.J., 1978, The Pottery Technology of the Neolithic Period in Southeastern Europe (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles), Los Angeles.

Letsch J.W.H., 1982, Neolithische und Chalcolithische Keramik Thessaliens. Material, Rohstoffe und Herstellungstechnik (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kšln).

Schneider G., Knoll H., Gallis C.J. & Demoule J.-P., 1990, Production and Distribution of Coarse and Fine Pottery in Neolithic Thessaly, in E. Pernicka and G. A. Wagner (a cura di), Archaeometry '90, Basel, pp. 513-522.

Vitelli K.D., 1994, 1994, Experimental Approaches to Thessalian Neolithic Ceramics: Gray Ware and Ceramic Colour, in J-C. Decourt, B. Helly, and K. Gallis (a cura di), La Thessalie: Quinze annèes de recherches archèologiques, 1975-1990. Bilans et perspectives, Athens, pp. 143-148.

2.1.3. I manufatti di pietra

Moundrea-Agrafioti H.A.:

- 1981, La Thessalie du sud-est au Nèolithique: outillage lithique et osseux (Ph.D. dissertation, Universitè de Paris X);

- 1983, Piéces lustrèes du Nèolithique thessalien: Essai de classement, in M-C. Cauvin (a cura di), Traces d'utlisation sur les outils nèolithiques du Proche-Orient, Lyon, pp. 199-207;

- 1987, Problémes d'emmanchement dans le Nèolithique grec: les gaines et manches en bois de cervide, in D. Stordeur (a cura di), La main et l'outil. Manches et emmanchements prèhistoriques Lyon, pp. 247-256.

2.1.4. La spiritualità e le connesse manifestazioni artistiche

Gimbutas M.:

- 1982, The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe, 6000-3500 BC. Myths and Cult Images, Thames and Hudson, London;

- 1989, The language of the goddess, San Francisco, Haroer and Row;

- 1991, The civilisation of the goddess, San Francisco, Harper and Row.

2.1.5. Gli scambi

Perlés C., 1992, Systems of exchange and organisation of production in Neolithic Greece, in "Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology (JMA)" 5, pp. 115-64.

2.1.6. Le tombe e gli usi funerari.

2.2. Il Neolitico Recente

Demoule J.-P., 1991, Les recherches rècentes en Gréce septentrionale et les problémes chronologiques et règionaux des cultures à cèramique au graphite, in J. Lichardus (a cura di), Kupferzeit als historische Epoche, Saarbrucken, pp. 227-236.

Dimini

Chourmouziades G.:

- 1979, To neolithiko Dimeni, Athens;

- 1993, To neolithiko Dimini: Prospathia gia mia nea prosengise tou neolithikou ylikou, Thessalonike.

Halstead P., 1992, Dimini and ‘DMPI’: faunal remains and animal exploitation, in Late Neolithic Thessaly, in "Annual of the British School at Athens" 87, pp. 29-59.

Hourmouziadis G., 1979, To neolithiko Dimini, Athens, Volos, Etairia Thessalikon Ereunon.

Tsountas C., 1908, Ai proistorikai akropoleis Dimenjou kai Sesklou, Athens.

Zangger E., 1991, Prehistoric Coastal Environments in Greece: The Vanished Landscapes of Dimini Bay and Lake Lerna, in "Journal of field Archaeology (JFA)" 18, pp. 1-15.

Larissa

Milosjcic V., von den Driesch A., Enderlek, Milosjcic-Von Zumbusch J. & Kilian K. (a cura di), 1976, Die deutschen Ausgrabungen auf Magulen um Larisa in Thessalien 1966, Bonn, Rudolf Habelt.

Sitagroi

Renfrew C. Gimbutas M. & Elstrer E. (a cura di), 1986, Excavations at Sitagroi: a prehistoric village in north-east Greece, I, Los Angeles, Institut of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.

Renfrew C., 1971, Sitagroi, radiocarbon and the prehistory of south-east Europe, in "Antiquity" 45, pp. 275-82.

Dikili Tash

Treuil R. (a cura di), Dikili Tash. Village prèhistorique de Macèdoine orientale. Fouilles de Jean Deshayes 1961-75, Athens.

Weisshaar H.-J, 1982, Varna und die aegeische Bronzezeit, in "Archaeologisches Korrespondenzblatt" 12, pp. 321-329.

2.2.1. La struttura economica

2.2.2. Le produzioni artigianali.

La diversificazione delle tecniche di lavorazione dei materiali lapidei e dei prodotti.

La comparsa di stili vascolari regionali

Chourmouziades G., 1977, Ena eidikevmeno ergasterio kerameikes sto neolithiko Dimini, "AAA" 10, pp. 207-226.

Demoule J.-P., Gallis K., and Manolakakis L., 1988, Transition entre les cultures nèolithiques de Sesklo et de Dimini: les catègories cèramiques, "BCH" 112, pp. 1-58.

Gallis K.J., 1985, A late neolithic foundation offering from Thessaly, in "Antiquity" 59, pp. 20-24.

La lavorazione delle conchiglie

Halstead P., 1993, Spondylus Shell Ornaments from Late Neolithic Dimini, Greece: Specialized Manifacture or Unequal Accumulation?, in "Antiquity" 67, pp. 603-609.

Tsuneki A.:

- 1987, A Reconsideration of Spondylus Shell Rings from Agia Sofia Magoula, Greece, in "Bulletin of the Ancient Orient Museum" 9, 1-15;

- 1989, "The Manifacture of Spondylus Shell Objects at Neolithic Dimini, Greece", Orient 25, 1-21.

Aghios Petros

Moundrea-Agrafioti H.A., 1992, Aghios Petros Kyra-Panagias. Stoicheia tes lithotechnias tou laxemenou lithou, Diethnes synedrio gia ten Archaia Thessalia ste mneme tou Demetriou P. Theochare, Athens, pp. 191-202.

Efstratiou N., 1985, A Neolithic Site in the Northern Sporades: Aegean relationship during the Neolithic of the 5th Millennium, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports.

Efstratiou N., 1985, Aghios Petros: A Neolithic Site in the Northern Sporades, Oxford.

Liritzis Y., Orphianidis-Georgiadis L. & Efstratiou N., 1991, "Neolithic Thessaly and the Sporades: Remarks on Cultural Contacts between Sesklo, Dimini and Aghios Petros Based on Trace Element Analysis and Archaeological Evidence, in "OJA" 10, pp. 307-313.

2.2.3. Figurine di donne e un modellino di abitazione con la rappresentazione degli abitanti, forse un "deposito di fondazione".

Czhourmouziades G.C., 1973, E Anthropomorphike Eidoplastike tes Neolithikes Thessalias, Vòlos.

Gallis K. & Orphanidis L., 1996, Figurines of Neolithic Thessaly I, Athens.

Toufexis G., 1994, Neolithic Animal Figurines from Thessaly, in J-C. Decourt, B. Helly, and K. Gallis (a cura di), La Thessalie: Quinze annèes de recherches archèologiques, 1975-1990. Bilans et perspectives, Athens.

Metallurgia

Muhly J.D., 1985, Beyond technology: Aegean metallurgy in its historical context, in Wilkie N.C. & Coulson W.D.E. (a cura di), Contributions to Aegean Archaeology: Studies in Honour of William A. Mc.Donald, Minneapolis, pp. 109-41.

2.2.4. Lo scambio

2.2.5. Plateia Magoula Zarkou: il più antico sepolcreto organizzato della Grecia.

2.2.6. La Cultura di Dimini. La fase antica. La fase recente.

2.3. Il Neolitico Finale

2.3.1. La Cultura di Drachmani.

Branigan K., 1974, Aegean Metalworking of the Early and Middle Bronze Age, Oxford, pp. 97-98.

Marangou C., 1992, EIDOLIA: Figurines et miniatures du Nèolithique rècent et du Bronze ancien en Gréce, Oxford.

Parzinger H., 1991, Zur Rachmani Periode in Thessalien, in "Germania" 69, 359 ss.

Weisshaar H.-J., 1991, Galepsos und Urfirnis. Bemerkungen zur relativen Chronologie der Rachmani-Kultur, in J. Lichardus (a cura di), Die Kupferzeit als historische Epoche, pp. 237 ff.

Weissh Archaeologia Austriacar H.-J.:

-1989, Die deutschen Ausgrabrungen auf der Pevkakia-Magula in Thessalien I: Das spate Neolitikhum und das Chalkoliticum, Mainz;

- Weissh Archaeologia Austriaca H.-J., 1991, Galepsos und Urfirnis. Bemerkungen zur relativen Chronologie der Rachmani-Kultur, in J. Lichardus (a cura di), Die Kupferzeit als historische Epoche, 237 ss.

2.4. Isole del Mar Egeo: il popolamento iniziale.

Davis J.L., 1992, Review of Aegean Prehistory I: The Islands of the Aegean, in "American Journal of Archaeology (AJA)" 96, pp. 700-705.

2.4.1. Sotto al Labirinto (Cnosso, gli strati neolitici)

Archaeological Institute of America, 1880-81, II Annual Report of the Executive Committe, Cambridge, pp. 47-49.

Broodbank C. & Strasser T.F., 1991, Migrant Farmers and the Neolithic colonisation of Crete, in "Antiquity" 65, pp. 233-45.

Brown A.C., 1983, Arthur Evans and the Palace of Minos, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

Deuel L., 1978, Memoirs of Heinrich Schliemann, Londra, Hutchinson.

Faure P., 1963, Kr. Khr, pp. 315-26.

Il leggendario Labirinto è stato identificato anche con un altro sito di Cnosso, diverso da quello palatino. Si veda al riguardo:

- Filostrato, Vita di Apollonio di Tiana, IV, 34.

- Pococke R., 1743-45, A description of the East and Some Other Countries, I-II, London.

Lithgow W., 1632, The Totall Discourse.

Marone P. Virgilio, Bucoliche, VI, 60.

Spratt T., 1865, Travels in Crete.

Schliemann H., 1962, Lettere di Schliemann a Max Muller a Oxford, in "Journal of Hellenic Studies", 82, pp. 75-105.

Woodward A.M., 1949, The Gortyn Labyrinth, in "Annals of the British School at Athens (BSA)", p. 324;

Betancourt P.P., The History of Minoan Pottery (Princeton 1985), pp. 3-15, con una completa bibliografia aggiornata agli anni 80 su Creta neolitica.

Evans J.D., 1964, Excavations in the Neolithic Settlement of Knossos, 1957-60. Part I, in "Annals of the British School of Archaeology at Athens (BSA) " 59, pp. 132-240.

Evans J.D., 1971, Neol

Kithic Knossos: the Growth of a Settlement, in "Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society " 37 B, pp. 95-117.

Evans J.D. et alii, 1968, Knossos Neolithic, Part II, in "Annals of the British School at Athens (BSA)" 63, pp. 239-276

Furness A., 1953, The Neolithic Pottery of Knossos, in "Annals of the British School at Athens (BSA)" 48, pp. 94-134.

Hutchinson R.W., 1962, Prehistoric Crete, London (trad. ital., 1976, L’antica civiltà cretese, Torino, Einaudi).

Manteli K. & Evely D., 1995, The Neolithic Levels from the Throne Room System, Knossos, in "Annals of the British School at Athens (BSA)" 90, pp. 1-16.

Reese D.S. (a cura di), 1997, Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and its First Settlers, Madison.

Sakellarakis J., 1973, Neolithic Crete, in Theocharis D.M. (a cura di), Neolithic Greece, Athens, National Bank of Greece, pp. 131-146.

Strasser T.F., 1997, Soils and Settlements on Neolithic Crete, in D. S. Reese (a cura di), Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and its First Settlers, Madison, pp. 317-336.

Ucko P.J., 1968, Anthropomorphic figurines and Predynastic Egypt and Neolithic Crete, London.

Vagnetti L.:

- 1972-73, L'insediamento neolitico di Festòs, in "Annuario" 50/51, pp. 7-138;

- 1996, The Final Neolithic: Crete Enters the Wider World, in "Cretan Studies" 5, pp. 29-39.

Vagnetti L. & Belli P., 1978, Characters and Problems of the Final Neolithic in Crete, in "SMEA" 19, pp. 125-163.

Watrous L.V.:

- 1993, Review of Aegean Prehistory III:Crete from Earliest Prehistory through the Protopalatial Period, in "American Journal of Archaeology" 98, pp. 695-753;

- 1994, Review of Aegean Prehistory III: Crete from Earliest Prehistory through the Protopalatial Period, in " American Journal of Archaeology" 98, pp. 699-701.

Weinberg S.S., 1970, The Stone Age in the Aegean, in Cambridge Ancient History I, Cambridge, pp. 557-672.

Winder N.P., 1991, Interpreting a Site: The Case for a Reassessment of the Knossos Neolithic, in "Archaeological Review of Cambridge" 10, pp. 37-52.

2.5. Il Neolitico nelle Cicladi

Barber R.L.N. (a cura di), 1984, The Prehistoric Cyclades, Edimburgh.

Cherry J.F.:

- 1979, Four Problems in Cycladic Prehistory, in Davis J.L. & Cherry J.F. (a cura di), Papers in Cycladic Prehistory, Los Angeles, pp. 22-47.

- 1981, Pattern and Process in the Earliest Colonisation of the Mediterranean Islands", in "Proceedings of Prehistoric Society" 47, pp. 41-68.

- 1990, The First Colonisation of the Mediterranean Islands: A Review of Recent Research, in "JMA" 3, pp. 145-221;

Ekshmitt W., 1986, Kunst und Kultur der Kykladen I: Neolithikum und Bronzezeit, Mainz.

Knapp B. & Stech T. (a cura di), 1985, Prehistoric Production and Change: the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, Los Angeles.

Sampson A.:

- 1984, The Neolithic of the Dodecanese and Aegean Neolithic, in "BSA" 79, pp. 239-49;

- 1987, A Neolithike Periodos sta Dodekanesa, Athens.

- (in corso di stampa), From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on the Aegean Prehistory, in The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. Proceedings of International Symposium (Urla, Turkey, October 1997), Izmir.

Treul R., 1983, Le neolithique et le bronze ancien ègèens, Paris.

2.5.1. Pescatori di tonni (Cultura di Saliagos)

Evans J.D. & Renfrew C., 1968, Excavations at Saliagos near Antiparos, London.

Hadjianastasiou O., 1988, A Late Neolithic Settlement at Grotta, Naxos, in E. B. French and K. A. Wardle (a cura di), Problems in Greek Prehistory, Bristol, pp. 11-20.

Honea K., 1975, Mesolithic settlements of the Greek Cyclades Islands, IXe Congr. UISPP, Nice, Summ., p. 259, Paris, CNRS.

Mac Gillivray J.A. & Barber L.N. (a cura di), 1984, The Prehistoric Cyclades, Edimbourgh.

Stratouli G., 1996, Die Fischerei in der aegeis wahrend des Neolithikums. Zur Technik und zum potentiellen Ertrag, PZ 71, pp. 1-27.

Weimberg S.S., Neolithic Figurines and Aegean Interrelations, in "American Journal of Archaology" LVI, 121. Caskey 1961, 1968, 1971.

Zachos K., 1990, "The Neolithic Period in Naxos" in L. Marangou (a cura di), Cycladic Culture: Naxos in the Third Millennium BC, Athens, pp. 29-38.

2.5.2. L’ultima pietra, il primo metallo (Cultura dell’Attica-Kephala).

Adjianastasiou O., 1988, "A late Neolithic Settlement at Grotta, Naxos" in E.B. French & K.A. Wardle (a cura di), Problems in Greek Prehistory, Bristol, pp. 11-20.

Blegen C.W., 1975, Neolithic Remains at Nemea, in "Hesperia" 44, pp. 251-279.

Caskey 1961, 1968, 1971.

Coleman J.E., 1977, Keos I: Kephala. A Late Neolithic Settlement and Cemetery, Princeton.

Diamant S.R., 1974, The Later Village Farming Stage in Southern Greece (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania).

Ekschmitt W., 1986, Kunst und Kultur der Kykladen I: Neolithikum und Bronzezeit, Mainz.

McGeehan-Liritzis V. & Gale N.H., 1988, Chemical and Lead Isotope Analysis of Greek Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Metals, in "Archaeometry" 30, pp. 199-225;

Lambert N., 1981, La Grotte de Kitsos (Attique) I: L’occupation nèolithique. Les vestiges des temps paléolithiques, de l’antiquitè et de l’histoire récente, Paris.

Sampson A.:

- 1981, Eneolithike Kai e Protoelladike I sten Evvoia (Archeion Euboikon Meleton, Parartema tou KD’ Tomou, Athens.

- 1992, Late Neolithic Remains at Tharrounia, Euboea: A Model for the Seasonal Use of Settlements and Caves, in "Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens", 87, pp. 61-101;

- 1993, Skoteini, Tharrounia: The Cave, The Settlement and the Cemetery, Athens;

Spitaels P., 1982, "Final Neolithic Pottery from Thorikos" in P. Spitales (a cura di), Studies in South Attica I, Miscaellanea Graeca 5, pp.9-44.

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Fonte delle illustrazioni: Natale Barca

 

Capitolo VI

La Grecia nel Neolitico

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