The existing knowledge concerning the structure and behaviour of the Universe is based essentially on information provided by electromagnetic waves emitted by celestial objects which form the Universe. Gravitational waves emitted as a result of events such as collapses, explosions or collisions of celestial objects can provide very useful information because of, compared to electromagnetic waves, they have much higher energy and propagate in the space less attenuated and/or distorted. Until today any attempt to detect gravitational waves has not been very successful mainly because of their very low interaction with the matter. Five years ago one of us (P. Galletti) conceived and built an instrument which detects gravitational waves. It is a very high sensitive apparatus capable of detecting nearly any highly energetic phenomena which takes place in the visible Universe. The existing theories regarding the structure and behaviour of the Universe should be revised according to the analysis of the diagrams gathered so far from this detector; in particular, peculiar multiple-nuclei quasars, extremely massive and capable of attracting all matter in their surrounds, galaxies included, have been discovered that seem to characterize its behaviour. The way this detector works is not supported by any existing laws of Physics. A quite satisfactory explanation of how it works can be given if we release the concept of an empty vacuum and we accept a particle vacuum which behaves like any dielectric substance into an electric field and whose characteristics (dielectric constant, density, speed of propagation, etc.) change considerably in the presence of a gravitational field. Before describing the detector and analysing the diagrams it generates, we report in short the facts which brought to its construction and set up. "I was persuaded of the existence of Maxwell's space-ether over thirty years ago (1962). Since then I have always tried to reveal this mysterious space-ether developing instruments based on various physical principles. I never succeeded by means of optical and electromagnetic waves equipments. In 1970, and for over two years I was able to reveal and measure space-ether with a magnetic instrument, however I could not understand it. In the following years I developed many other instruments. I cannot even recall how many models of laser interferometer, always different from each other, I put together without achieving any result. In 1993 I got the idea of replacing the light ray of laser with an electrons beam emitted by a filament of a vacuum tube. Electrons were accelerated inside a vacuum tube in order to hit a phosphorus-fluorescent anode. The light emitted by the anode was measured by means of a photoresistor which was part of a Wheatstone bridge.

My intent was to check whether the anode-emitted light changed when the instrument was directed differently towards the space, since the electrons beam could in turns face the same course and the one opposite to a possible motion of the space-ether. In this way I believed I could avoid the obstacle represented by the return beam of a ray of light which usually takes place in a laser interferometer and which, as a matter of fact, could cancel any interference of the two beams. Within short I developed and operated such an instrument. It was the beginning of 1994.

Since then I observed with great surprise that voltage at the ends of the Wheatstone bridge changed when the direction of the electrons beam was modified in space. Thus I tried to improve the instrument to make it more sensible and reliable. During the three following months I carried out readings over 16 hours per day approx. and collected a fairly good amount of data. At the end of this period I realized that the instrument was working properly. It was the beginning of April 1994 when some thing very strange occurred.

While I was taking the measures, I started detecting quite irregular voltage values at the end of the Wheatstone bridge: all of a sudden, i.e. from a day to another, values which usually lay between 6.5 and 8.5 mV increased to 300-400 mV, with an increment of approx. 50 times. Initially I was not much concerned about it because I set the bridge to zero through the potentiometer located on the same arm of the photoresistor. Subsequently the potentiometer proved to be inadequate and I added some resistances to one of the fixed bridge arms, i.e. additional 6 kohm to the initial value of 10 kohm with a total increase of over 50%. I thought the vacuum tube had to be depleted. I checked the regulated power supply but nothing was wrong: both power supply and digital voltmeters worked properly. For about 10 days the voltage had been rising continuously until it reached a total value of over 4 V compared to the initial voltage difference across the photoresistor of 10 V. Soon after the increase in voltage, all at once it stopped almost immediately and started decreasing; after 10 days it went back to the initial value. The phenomena l asted approx. 20 days all together. I was very surprised by this occurrence since I could not explain this huge variation of voltage. After a couple of days the voltage started to rise again. At this point I realized that something very important was taking place. I put the instrument on the floor without ever moving it and started recording all variations which took place. It was the end of April 1994. What does this instrument detect? After five years I consider it a very powerful detector of gravitational waves. At the beginning I did not realize it was all about gravitational waves and I did not believe that these waves could be detected so well; I did not know their structure and how they would propagate through the space. Besides I thought space-ether to be like a "wind" which was blowing always from the same direction of the Universe, since our solar system together with its local galaxies is movi ng towards a pre-defined direction. Though I had to change my notion soon because by means of this instrument I perceived this "gravitational wind" blowing in gusts and changing direction all the time, without a fixed reference point. In the meantime I had developed also a magnetic sensor based on the same principle of the previous one which was built in 1970. This magnetic sensor was placed on one of the scale-pan being the other provided with a lead counterweight. To increase the scale sensitivity I fitted it with a Wheatstone bridge. For three consecutive months I have been comparing recordings carried out with these two instruments so different from each other and I could verify that the results of the magnetic sensor were in accordance with the photoresistor detector. The only trouble with the magnetic sensor is that the scale nearly stop oscillating when the emitting space-ether source is on the horizon. I carried out also an experiment with a Fabri-Perot laser interferometer, a 16 m light ray and multiple reflections between the two mirrors with voltage and temperature controlled. The instrument was positioned on a rotating table (1 revolution each 5 minutes) and the laser emitted wave was stable at approx. one part over 10^9 in 2-3 hours. To the test purpose I waited for a gravitational wave which would be recorded both by the photoresistor detector and the magnetic sensor, i.e. in this case I had two different instruments to detect an incoming gravitational wave. Interference on the interferometer have never changed in spite of the very high measurement accuracy (8 orders of magnitude for the photoresistor detector plus 9 orders of magnitude for the interferometer for a total of 17 orders of magnitude). This test convinced me thoroughly of the inadequacy of such instruments to record gravitational waves. The photoresistor detector works in short like a barometer which by means of a glass tube filled with mercury and a metric rod can measure atmospheric pressure. Measuring the potential difference at the ends of the Wheatstone bridge and multiplying it by its calibration constant (km/s per mV) variations of light speed caused by the incoming gravitational waves can be measured directly. Had I built this sensor some other time, i.e. had those considerable variations recorded at the beginning of 1994 not taken place, I am sure I would have never been aware of anything and this instrument would have turned out unsuccessful like all the others I built in the past. During these last five years I developed other sensors of different shape, but all based on the measurement of a light source by means of a photoresistor, however only some of them proved to work correctly. Since 1997, besides the main sensor I have been operating other three which provide results which agree with those of the main one. These three new sensors are located in a different environment as to the main one, in a different thermostatic chamber and are self-powered. This is an additional proof of the excellent operation of these instruments.

Lately I also built sensors utilizing a LED emitted light. They detect fast gravitational waves fairly well but are not very reliable in case of large waves since a LED does not prove to be stable over long periods. It took me over three years to provide an explanation as to the reason why the photoresistor resistance had so high variations. To try to explain the sensor's behaviour in accordance to present laws of Physics which are based on an "empty" vacuum and therefore on a constant speed of light, it would be a failure. To admit instead the existence a particles of space-ether which behaves like any dielectric in an electric field and whose characteristics change significantly in the presence of a gravitational field, it would give a quite satisfactory explanations. I realized at once the close connexion between a dielectric and a gravitational field. For example, the speed of light in a place on the surface of a celestial object is lower than in any other place located in the external space far away from the celestial object at issue, even if an observer on the move finds out that the speed of light is constant while in the reality the space-ether on the surface of the object is more dense and consequently its dielectric constant is higher and the speed of light is thus lower".

  P. Galletti. Description and operation of the detector.

The most important part of the detector is the sensor which consists of a light emitting vacuum diode connected to a cadmium sulphide photoresistor. The vacuum tube filament (cathode) is emitting electrons which are accelerated by a constant voltage of approx. 12 V and hit a phosphorus-fluorescent screen (anode). The light emitted by the anode is measured through a cadmium sulphide photoresistor which is located in one of two arms of a Wheatstone bridge. Figure 1 shows the principle of operation of the detector. The Wheatstone bridge power supply is approx. 20 V as a result of a total potential difference. The fixed resistances bridge arm consists of two 10 kohm, metal film and low thermal coefficient, resistors. The other arm of the bridge consists of the photoresistor and a 5 decade, metal-film, potentiometer box used to balance the bridge. The anode voltage of the vacuum tube and the supply voltages of the Wheatstone bridge are generated by a regulated power supply with a low temperature coefficient; the anode current is maintained constant by means of an electronic regulator which directly controls the current to the filament of vacuum tube.

If filament current and electrons accelerating anode voltage, as well as the temperature, are maintained constant, no variation of resistance at the ends of photoresistor should take place, because of the constant intensity of light emitted by phosphorous-fluorescent anode of the vacuum tube. Quite high voltage variations have been recorded at the ends of the Wheatstone bridge instead, without recording any variation from the instruments which control both anode acceleration voltage and filament current. To give an example, during the first readings made at the beginning of 1994, the total resistance variation exceeded, in some cases, 100%. According to the existing laws of Physics, where both speed of light and the electric charge of electrons (and protons) are constant, a satisfactory explanation of the sensor mode of operation cannot be provided. However, the detector's behaviour can be well explained if we admit that vacuum behaves like any dielectric substance into an electric field and that, in presence of a gravitational wave, the dielectric constant of vacuum changes and such variation implies also variations of the electric charge of electrons (and protons). This brings about a variation of the energy used by electrons to hit the screen of the vacuum tube and which then produces variations of luminosity of the anode and, as consequence, variations of resistance in the photoresistor. The kinetic energy of electrons which hits the anode is directly proportional to their electric charge and to the anode acceleration voltage. Should the electric charge of electrons change, the electric acceleration potential varies accordingly, too soth at the meters placed at the ends of the vacuum tube to measure anode current and potential difference do not detect any variation. In short, voltage variations recorded at the ends of the Wheatstone bridge are nothing but variations of the dielectric constant of space-ether caused by the incoming gravitational waves. When a collapse (or expansion/explosion) of matter takes place in the Universe, a rarefaction (or compression) gravitational wave generates and it propagates trough the space thus causing a local variation of its density which accounts for variations of dielectric constant and permeability. As a result considerable speed of light variations take place.

The present measuring range of the instrument is of about 8 orders of magnitude. The first four orders are given by the direct signal provided by the sensor, while the remaining four orders are obtained amplifying 10^4 times the first two low order bits. Up to a distance of 1/2 the radius of the visible Universe, the gravitational waves detected by the sensor are quite distinct, whereas from a 3/4 of radius some distortions are recorded which then rapidly increase with the distance. Beyond 9/10 of the visible Universe radius gravitational waves become untraceable, even if the instruments is still reading, as a result of the distortions caused by space-ether turbulence [1].

 Analysis of diagrams generated by the detector.

From a preliminary analysis of data provided by the detector, high intensity phenomena which last between 15 and 100 days have been recorded; their intensity can imply a voltage variation of some Volt at the bridge ends. Only 1 to 2 of such events take place per year. By increasing the sensor temperature stability and amplifying the signal 100 times, minor events which last some minutes up to a maximum of 1-2 hours can be detected. Their incidence is of approx. 10 per day with an intensity of some mV. No events of intermediate range have been never recorded. With sensors utilizing a LED emitted light the range gating has been improved as to detect events of extremely reduced intensity which last from one second down to half millisecond and with an average intensity of about 200 æV. This paper will show and analyze some of the most significant diagrams regarding high intensity events provided by the sensor during these five years of continuous recording. The analysis of such diagrams allowed us to discover some completely new phenomena which take place in the Universe, among them the existence of unusual multiple-nuclei quasars, extremely massive, which seem to characterize the Universe behaviour.
 
 

 

This diagram show the first on-going readings carried out with the new detector. They refer to manual recordings taken between April 30 and December 31 1994. Horizontal lines on the diagram refer to interruptions due to summer holidays. If the points 1, 2 and 3 marked with a circle are carefully examined, they will result in a peculiar wave shaped like a fork formed by two close peaks whereas the primary peak (sharpened) is lower than the secondary one (rounded). According to the detect or configuration, increasing voltage are obtained when conditions with rarefaction gravitational waves take place, in which space-ether density and consequently its dielectric constant decrease and speed of light increases. Vice versa, decreasing voltage values obtained when compressed gravitational waves take place, in which space-ether density and consequently its dielectric constant increase and speed of light decreases. Therefore the peaks marked by circles 1, 2 and 3 stand for sudden collapses of celestial objects whereas the peaks marked by circles 1A and 2A show reverse conditions where upside-down fork like shaped waves having the primary peak deeper than the secondary one can be clearly distinguished. For the latter case it is a question of sudden expansions or explosions of matter. Apparently these events last 8-9 days only [2]. The diagram shows quite clearly (see circle 4) another fork like shaped wave recorded by the detector between the end of September and beginning of October 1994. It is one of the biggest collapse of celestial objects ever recorded. The last portion of the first peak shows a voltage increase of over 1 Volt during one day only which corresponds to a 20% decrease of the resistance of photoresistor. Following this collapse, the voltage kept on increasing until, during November 1994, it reached a peak value of over 2.2 V which corresponds to an increase of the speed of light of approx. 130,000 km/s [3].

 

An interesting detail. An event (see circle 1) took place in the second half of February 1995 marked by a fast voltage increase at the sensor ends which lasts approx. 5-6 days (see circle 2) and indicates a sudden collapse. Subsequently, in place of the usual fork like shaped wave, a continuous expansion of matter occurred, characterized by a hyperbolic pattern of the wave, with an overall duration time of approx. 90 days.

 

This is one of the most interesting and significant diagrams recorded as of today. This event lasted from the beginning of June to the end of September 1995, i.e. for a total of approx. 80 days. It is once again about a new general collapse in another part of the Universe and it is an isolated event which allow us for a very accurate examination. We have been really lucky because we could solve, finally, the problem connected to the redshift of gravitational waves and thus to calculate the distance of such events. In this diagram waves appear to be much wider and reduced in intensity compared to those examined previously in Diagram 1. This means that such events have occurred farther off. Besides the recorded waves are not so distinct as the previous ones confirming, thus, the considerable distance of the place where such events have taken place. The event started in the second half of June (circle 1) and was marked by an upside-down "fork" shaped wave (circle 2), i.e. an incoming matter instead of a collapse. It is then followed by a collapse (circle 3) which in place of the usual fork like shape shows four peaks: here the first and the last peak are separate whereas the two intermediate peaks overlap. The first peak is quite sharpened (circle 4) while the others are more rounded (circle 5). It is a case of two partially overlapped fork like shaped waves since the two collapsed objects must have been quite close to each other. Besides the mass of the entering object looks quite similar to that of the collapsing bodies because the waves duration time is more or less the same. Comparing these two collapses to those detected in 1994, the redshift of both events can be accurately established [4]. Diagram 3 shows an approx. 3 times greater widening of the waves in comparison to that reported in Diagram 1 whereas heights are approx. 6 times smaller. For these last events a redshift of 5 has been calculated while the 1994 events have given a redshift of 1. Considering the present value of recession velocity of the Universe [5], the 1994 events are located within a distance slightly greater than 1/2 of its visible radius, whereas the 1995 events have occurred at a distance beyond 3/4 of its visible radius. Besides, the gravitational waves emitted during these events took respectively 13 and 34 billions years to reach the detector [6].

 

This diagram shows one of the latest recordings provided by the detector between July and September 1998. A succession of collapses marked by the typical fork like shaped waves (see circles 1 and 2) are thus reported. The event represented by the wave marked with circle 3 refers to the collapse of a big celestial object quite similar to the one detected during September-October 1994. A redshift of 2.7 has been calculated for these events.

 

This diagram follows Diagram 4 and shows readings made between August and November 1998. It is in part a repetition of Diagram 4. Fork like shaped waves marked by circle 1 and 2 can be seen: they stand for some collapses of matter. In particular circle 2 refers to partially overlapped waves. These are events with a 5.5 redshift which on the point of emission happened to be on the edge of the visible Universe.

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