Discussion
The events we have observed lead us to believe that the Universe's
behaviour is characterize by celestial objects, extremely massive, which
form a new kind of multiple-nuclei quasars. The way this particular kind
of quasars works seems to be the following. When a nucleus reaches a sort
of critical mass, it collapses because of its gravitational field prevailing
over its inner pressure. During its contraction the falling velocity of
matter gets close to the speed of light and generates locally a huge amount
of energy capable of perforating locally the space and exiting of the
Universe. We shall name it outgoing of matter form the Universe. During
the contraction of the nucleus a violent rarefied gravitational wave is
generated which propagates through the space and is marked by a leading
edge of the first (sharpened) peak of the fork like shaped wave. After
the collapsed nucleus has gone out of the Universe, its gravitational
effects are no longer perceived from the quasar and the surrounding space
closes again thus causing a bound-back which generates the second (rounded)
peak [7]. Figure 2 schematically shows the shape of the gravitational wave
referring to this event. After leaving the Universe, the quasar nucleus
is plunged into the space and because of its isolation is no longer capable
of dispersing its energy. Nonetheless it may regenerate and in the future
come out again in the same place where it went out. We shall name it entering
of former matter (or recycled matter) into the Universe. When a nucleus
enters into the quasar, a condition which may be caused either by very
intense local disturbances of space or due to the high amount of
energy accumulated during its isolation, a violent compressed gravitational
wave is produced, similar to the one which occurs during a collapse, but
with a shape of opposite sign and with the second (deepest) peak coming
first. Figure 3 shows the shape of gravitational wave referred to this
event.
As for the event shown on Diagram 2 things turned out differently.
In that case the collapse of the nucleus was triggered on by local oscillations
of the space which were very intensive in that place. The nucleus
started collapsing but in its final stage it did not have enough energy
to perforate the space and exit the Universe. The amount of matter
forming this nucleus was likely not enough to complete the collapse. Under
these circumstances the nucleus ought to have bounded back thus originating
a "peak" shaped wave and not a fork like shaped one. In this case, however,
no "bound back" occurred as the matter which formed the nucleus stayed
in place and continued to exert its own gravitational effect, thus slowing
down its expansion which to ok place in compliance with all acknowledged
gravity laws. On the whole this is regarded as a failed collapse. At this
point it is natural wondering why these collapsing objects are not visible
by means of traditional optical or electromagnetic equipments in view of
a very high energy developed during such events. The answer is the following.
During collapsing, nucleus surface travels at a speed which is very close
to the speed of light, therefore it is virtually invisible to any observer
as its own redshift would be extremely high. In addition an attenuation
of the emitted electromagnetic energy due to redshift which is caused by
a continuous expansion of the Universe makes impossible to see these objects
collapsing [8]. Considering that the most part of the emitted energy consists
of highly energetic cosmic rays and equivalent gamma rays, nuclei re-emerging
within the quasar would be the only objects which might be visible. But
the dense gas shell at very high temperatur e which wraps the whole quasar
would, however, not allow the electromagnetic radiation to get out directly.
Of these events only the total increase of the electromagnetic energy which
is emitted by the quasar can be detected. As previously reported, besides
the considerable above mentioned events, diagrams provided by the detector
show also less intensive phenomena. These relatively small events seem
to occur everywhere in the Universe and can be detected only when gravitational
waves are quite low.
Diagram 6 
This diagram shows quite clearly some of these events recorded
during September 1997. If diagrams provided by the sensor are carefully
analyzed, some "notches" more marked than peaks can be distinguished on
the diagram crest. According to the operating principle of the instrument,
a notch on the curve means an explosion/expansion or an entering of matter
in the Universe. All these events last approx. 1.5-2 hours and regard celestial
objects which might have a mass of some millions of solar mass [9]. In
view of the recordings so far it seems that approx 5-10 of such events
would occur daily. At this point we do the following hypothesis. These
events might be "bubbles" of matter which come out for the first time into
the Universe and that once it has condensed will form young star clusters
which on their turn will develop into small galaxies. Most of these galaxies
would then be attracted by bigger ones supplying them continuously with
new matter [10]. Following the analysis of the recordings provided by the
detector during these five years, (approx. 50 thousand hours of continuous
operation), a brief summary is now appropriate.
1. The Universe seems to be governed by these extra massive
quasars formed by a great number of nuclei (some dozens) which tightly
orbit around each other as stars in a compact globular cluster do. Each
nucleus would not exceed three light-days of radius, whereas its mass would
be around 300 to 400 millions solar mass [11] per nucleus. The overall
dimensions of these quasars would be equal to approx. three light-months
of radius.
2. When one of the nucleus forming the quasar reaches a critical
mass, it collapses and generates locally such a great amount of energy
which enables it to perforate the space-ether around itself and in about
15 minutes disappear from the Universe. This collapsed nucleus exit the
Universe without ever making its gravity effects. At the same time gravitational
waves are so intensely generated that some nuclei previously collapsed
can re-emerge from the space and become again part of the quasar, thus
contributing to extend its life. In the meantime these nuclei trigger on
a chain reaction which makes collapse other nuclei having critical mass.
3. The collapsed nuclei which exit the Universe regenerate
themselves as a consequence of their isolation provided by the space
which wraps them up. Once the nuclei have regenerated, they can re-emerge
and collapse again in the future. The time to collapse depends on the matter
available around to the quasar.
4. On account of their enormous mass, these multiple-nuclei
quasars exert a very powerful attraction which, literally, suck all matter
nearby, galaxies included. The huge amount of energy they need for their
existence comes for a small part only from the complete energetic conversion
of the matter falling on their surface, whereas most of their energy comes
from the nuclei which re-emerge locally when new collapses occur [12].
Apparently the number of nuclei forming a quasar increases as this became
older.
5. The inner structure of these quasars is not "visible" through
electromagnetic wave detectors since these waves cannot pierce through
the extremely hot gas shell which surrounds them. Thus their inner structure
can be revealed by gravitational waves detectors only.
CONCLUSIONS
The above mentioned issues lead us to reconsider basically
the present structure and behaviour of the Universe. More precisely:
1. The Universe behaviour seems to be governed by these extra
massive multiple-nuclei quasars which exert an extremely powerful attraction
of matter.
2. The Universe is constantly and continuously expanding in
accordance with Hubble's law except for local heterogeneity of the expansion
motion due to thickening or rarefaction of matter [11].
3. The continuous expansion of the Universe is caused by a
continuous generation of new space. Space, apart from enabling
the expansion of Universe, regenerates the outgoing matter following a
collapse of quasar nuclei. With respect to space, galaxies and quasars
are in a state of rest except for local motions due to the effects of gravity.
4. The Universe is continuously supplied with new matter. In
addition to events of huge energy which take place in multiple-nuclei quasars
marked by continuously incoming and outgoing matter, minor events consisting
in new incoming matter also occur. Apparently these relatively small "bubbles"
of matter are being originated quite everywhere and continuously. They
are believed to generate young star clusters and supply with new hydrogen
the galaxies.
5. The Universe seems to be without limits. It reaches out
endlessly and grows at an endless speed. From any point of observation,
an observer will always find himself at the centre of the Universe and
discover that his line of sight is more or less of the same extent. There
is no privileged point of observation.
6. Apparently no big-bang ever occurred and consequently the
Universe never had a start but it has been more or less like it is now.
Theoretically we can look around us as far as the expansion velocity reaches
the speed of light whereupon we cannot see nothing more. In practice, it
is already hard to see beyond 9/10 of the Universe radius because gravitational
waves which reach us are distorted by space motions taking place in every
direction.
7. In short, the problem of missing mass of the Universe does
not exist at all. As a result, the obscure matter problem vanishes as well
because it is nothing but space gathered around the celestial object
caused by its own gravitational field [13]. Many questions have not yet
found a satisfying answer. Some of them are as follows.
8. What is the life of these peculiar multiple-nuclei quasars
which exert a great attraction of matter? For the time being it is very
difficult to establish. The matter which surrounds them will, sooner or
later, be attracted by these extra-massive celestial objects. Therefore,
we can speculate that these quasars might be the oldest celestial objects
which ever existed in the Universe. And the greater the number of their
nuclei, the older they are. In any case it takes some billion years for
a quasar to take shape. Following to subsequent collapses their number
of nuclei increases up to some dozen and at the same time the frequency
of collapses increases, too. After the quasar has exhausted the whole extent
of matter of its surrounding cluster of galaxies , it terminates its life
cycle as almost all the matter it was consisting exit the Universe. At
this stage the Universe expansion scatters the nuclei plunged into the
space. Thus the life time of these attracting elements should be (at least)
some times greater than the doubling time of the Universe radius [14].
9. How many of these attracting elements exist in the visible
portion of the Universe and how often do they collapse? The recordings
carried out until today show that a overall collapse takes place on the
average of one per year or slightly more frequently. Since we can have
a satisfactory view within max. 9/10 of the Universe radius, which means
approx. 75% of its total volume, we can speculate that the frequency of
these collapses would be approx. of 1 per year [15].
10. What kind of matter is continuously supplying the Universe?
We are unable to asses how these "bubbles" of new matter enter the Universe,
i.e. whether as neutrons or as atomic hydrogen atoms [16].
Explanatory notes.
[1] Here the radius of visible Universe means the distance
beyond which nothing is no longer visible as the rate of departure is getting
greater than the speed of light.
[2] As it becomes clearer subsequently, positive fork like
shaped waves correspond to celestial objects going out of the Universe
whereas negative fork like shaped waves correspond to celestial objects
coming into the Universe, which have the same massas the collapsing objects
do.
[3] This value has been calculated according to the calibration
constant of the instrument which, at the time of the the readings was 58.6
km/s for each mVolt of voltage variation at the ends of the Wheatstone
bridge. At present the value of this constant is 48.6 km/s for each mVolt
of variation.
[4] The redshift can be calculated with a good approximation
thanks to the peculiar fork like shaped wave. To the purpose of this calculation
the wave area is to be determined as well and it is proportional to the
energy emitted. This can be determined only when the event is isolated.
[5] This implies a radius of the visible Universe equal to
20 billions light-years which corresponds to a to a Hubble constant of
15 km/s per million of light-year.
[6] With the assertion of space the expressions currently
used to determine redshift, distances, time travelling of the waves, etc.
need to be modified. For the redshift it is:
Z = ( C /( C - V ))-1
therefore the Universe expansion velocity will be:
V = C * ( Z / ( Z + 1 ))
The distance (R0) from the place of the occurring event is
determined from the redshift applying the following expression:
R0 = RU * ( Z / ( Z + 1))
where RU stands for the visible Universe radius:
RU = C / H0
and H0 Hubble constant and C the speed of light.
The time necessary to the waves to reach the detector is as
follows:
DT = RU * Ln( Z + 1 )
whereas the travelling distance ( r ) of the celestial object when
the wave reaches the sensor is given by the following expression:
r = R0 * ( Z + 1 )
Because of a continuous expansion of the Universe, redshift
is completely different phenomenon from a Doppler effect, therefore it
must not be identified with the latter one.
[7] Space would have a considerably greater density than matter
and it is just such a density which causes the wave to "bound back".
[8] It is an event similar to extra luminal matter-spouts which
are observed in the galaxy nuclei where only the one coming towards us
is visible.
[9] The redshifts of these events cannot be determined because
waves are not fork like shaped. The waves which have been detected might
come from places of the Universe that are closer to us.
[10] In order to verify such a theory, telescopic observations
in distant places from the galaxies, but close to us would be necessary
to check the existence of young and small size star clusters.
[11] The starting point to assess the total mass of nuclei
is the visible mass of the Universe which, according to the current evaluations
should be of 10^23 solar mass ( comprensive 10^2 of dark matter )and with
a radius equal to 20 billions light-years. We know that due to expansion,
the Universe increases its volume of a fraction rate for year equal to:
(4 * pi * RU^ 2) / (4/3 *PI * RU^ 3) = 3 / RU
where RU is its visible radius. Multiplying this expression
by the total mass of the visible Universe, the incoming mass for year is
obtained:
MU = 3/RU * MU = (3 / (20 * 10^9)) * (10^21) = 1.5 * 10^11 Solar
masses
Assuming that the matter collapsing with quasars is equal to
the total incoming matter and with an average of 4 (or less) overall
collapses per year, we can assess that the average mass of each nucleus
would be equal to:
having assumed that a quasar on average consists of approx.
15 nuclei. This is quite a rough evaluation. Besides the total mass of
the Universe and its visible radius might be differ from what has been
assumed so far.
1.5 * 10^11 / (4 * 15) = 2.5 ~ 3 * 10^9 solar masses
[12] For this reason there is a previous mention to a recycled
matter in order to distinguish it from "bubbles" of new matter which enters
the Universe for the first time.
[13] As to celestial objects which underwent a strong collapse,
the space which an object is attracting around itself can cause an increase
of its gravitational mass of some orders of magnitude with respect to its
proper (particles) mass as to deflect the light due to refraction even
at hundreds of thousands light-year.
[14] Further to the previous assumptions as to Hubble constant,
the radius of doubling time of the visible Universe results in:
DT = RU * ln ( 1 + 1 ) = 13.9 * 10^9 years
[15] Considering the redshift this value has to be multiplied
by 4. Therefore the outgoing nuclei could be approx. 60 to 80 per year.
[16] "Bubbles" of matter are much lighter, thus they can enter
the Universe much more easily than the previously collapsed quasar nuclei
which, being much more heavy, can enter the Universe only following strong
local space disturbances which occur inside the quasars during a collapse
of a nucleus.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
figure 1.available by file from test01
figure 2.available by file from test02
figure 3.available by file from test03
figure 4.available by file from test04
figure 5.available by file from test05
figure 6.available by file from test06
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figure 8.available by file from test08
figure 9.available by file from test09
figure 10.available by file from test10
figure 11.available by file from test11
figure 12.available by file from test12
figure 13.available by file from test13
figure 14.available by file from test14
figure 15.available by file from test15
figure 16.available by file from test16
figure 17.available by file from test17
figure 18.available by file from test18
figure 18b. Discussion file from test18b
figure 19.available by file from test19
figure 0.available by file from Homepage