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GRAMMAR OF PARTICLES PARTICLE HE Movement to a place with movement verbs from a place to another one (ex. iku,kuru,kaeru). Ex.I (will) go to Rome tomorrow => watashiwa ashita Roma he iku => わたしは あした ロマへ いく yesterday I went to the park => watashiwa kinoo kooen he itta => わたしは きのう こうえん へ いった I will come to the university tomorrow => watashiwa ashita daigaku he kuru => わたしは あした だいがくへ くる You return home => anatawa uchi he kaeru => あなた は うちへ かえる. PARTICLE DE
It marks the place where you do something
with action verbs but not with existential verbs (they require the
particle ni)
Ex. I 'm reading a manga at home => watashiwa uchi de manga o yomu => わたしは うち で まんが を よむ It can also mark what you use to move with movement verbs and kakaru (かかる) Ex. I'm going to the park with the bus => watashiwa bus de kooen he iku => わちゃしは バスで こうえんへ いく From home to the park with bicycle it takes 15 minutes=> uchikara kooenmade jitenjade juugo hun kakaru => うちから こうえんで じてんしゃで じゅうご ふん かかる It marks the language. Ex. what is 'rose' in japanese? bara ! => 'rosa' wa nihongo de nan desu ka? bara! => ロサは にほんご で なん です か？ ばら！ PARTICLE GA It marks the subject of the sentence (see last lesson...) PARTICLE O It marks the object of the sentence (remember that to write を you must type wo in the IME). Some verbs are made by a noun + suru and you can mark the object of those verbs with o but you can also mark the noun with o and the object with no Ex. I'm studing Japanese => watashiwa nihongo o benkyoo suru => わたしは にほんご を べんきょう する I'm studing Japanese => watashiwa nihongo no benkyoo o suru => わたしは にほんご の べんきょう を する In negative sentences o becames wa (when the information in the object is negated) PARTICLE WA It marks old informations, subject or object (remember that to write wa you must type ha in your IME) Also other parts of the sentence can be old informations so you must add wa after the relative particle. So we have niwa, dewa, karawa.. PARTICLE NO It marks possession. Ex my apple => watashi no ringo => わたし の りんご It marks an argument. Ex course of Japanese language => nihongono koosu => にほんご の コース It marks dependency/provenience. Ex.Keiko from Tokyo University => tookyoo daigaku no Keiko => とうきょう だいがく の けいこ PARTICLE NI It marks the indirect
object. Ex. I give this book to you =>Kono hon o(obj.)
anata ni (ind.obj.) ageru(=give) => この ほん を あなた に あげる.
It marks the place where
something/someone exists with existence verbs like iru and aru
(いる ある).
Ex. my home is(do not use copula) in Italy => watashino uchiwa Italia ni aru => わたしの うちは イタリアに ある I am in italy => watashiwa Italia ni iru =>わたしは イタリアに いる (aru is used with inanimate objects, else use iru). It marks the definite time
(not the continuos) with adverbs of time and is used with
action(nomu kiku...) and movement (iku kuru...) verbs but not
with copula and existence verbs.
Ex. Ms. Kyoko Tuesday will eat sushi => Kyoko san wa kayoobi (tuesday) ni sushi o taberu =>きょこさんは かようびに すしを たべる. I will read a book the 5th => watasi wa gohi ni hon o yomu => わたしは ごひ に ほん を よむ. . Ex.きのう(yesterday) きょう(today), あした(tomorrow), あさって(the day after tomorrow), こんしゅう(this week), らいしゅう(next week), さらいしゅう(the week after the next one), しゅうまつ (weekend). Don't use ni to express a continuos time Ex a month => ikkagetsu => いっかげつ Never used with copula ( です ) or derivated forms. Ex. today is 20th January => kyouwa ichigatsu hatsuka desu => きょうは いちがつ はつか です. Don't use ni after when (いつ) but use it after which day (なんにち), which day of the week(なんようび), which month (なんがつ), which year (なんねん). Ex. when do you read the book? => anatawa itsu (time after the subject) hon o yomu ka? => あなたは いつ ほん を よむ か Which day of the week do you read the book? => anatawa nanyoubi hon o yomu ka? => あなたは なにょうび に ほん を よむ か Use ni to indicate time with
action or movement verbs. Ex. Miss Sakura returns home at 4 o'
clock => sakurasan yoji ni uchihe kaeru => さくらさんは よじに うちへ
かえる
when do you return home? => anatawa nanji ni uchihe kaeruka? => あなたは なんじ に うちで かえるか Ni is also used as counter. Ex. three times a week => ichijuukan(one week) ni sankai(three times) =>いち じゅうかん に さんかい how many times a week... => ichijuukan ni nankai ...=> いちじゅうかん に なんかい.... PARTICLE TO It marks the complement of company (with). Ex. he return home with friends => karewa tomodachi to uchihe kaeru => かれは ともだち と うちへ かえる With verbs like to speak, to phone, to meet, this complement is marked by to or by ni. If the verb accepts both particles, these give two different meanings to the sentence. Verbs that accept only particle to: to plan=>keikaku suru=>けいかくする Ex. he plans a party with she => karewa kanojo to party o keikaku suru => かれは かのじょ と パーティーを けいかくする Verbs with only ni: to phone => denwa (o) suru => でんわ（を）する、to write letter/postcard=>degami/hageki o kaku =>てがみ/はがきをかく、send => dasu=>だす. Ex. I phoned to Ryu yesterday evening => watashiwa yoobe Ryu ni denwa o shita => わたしは ゆうべ りゅに でんわを した I'm writing a letter to a friend => watashiwa tomodachi ni degami o kaku => わたしは ともだちに てがみを かく Verbs with both particles but with different meanings: to meet=>au=>あう、to speak=>hanasu => はなす, to speak (do conversation) => hanashi o suru =>はなしをする If the meeting is coincidental use ni, if willful use to. With the verb to speak use ni to mark the person you are talking to, but use to if the person is speaking with you. PARTICLES
KARA-MADE-O
From (time 1) to (time 2)=>(time1) kara (time2) made. Ex. I study Japanese from one o'clock to two => watashiwa ichiji kara niji made nihongo o benkyoo desu =>わあたしは いちじから にじまで にほんご を べんきょう です From (Place 1) through (place2)=>(place1) kara (place 2) o Ex. I return home from school through the park =>Gakkoo kara, kooen wo uchi he kaeru => がっこう から こうえん を うちへ かえる PARTICLE MO It marks the subject or the object but means also 'also' (so it refers to something previous). Ex. I eat too => watashimo taberu => わたしも たべる I eat also the sushi => watashiwa sushimo taberu => わたしわ すしも たべる OTHER PARTICLES There are other particles without a grammatical function which are usually placed at the end of the sentence: yo (よ) - the sentence express a very important opinion, yo is used for enphasis (used often in spoken language and in manga) na(な)/naa(なあ) - na is an enphasis particle (not used often as yo) and sometimes becames naa ne (ね) - translated with 'isn't it?' is a request of agreement (tag question) © 2000 Alessandro Pisan source page http://jlesson.cjb.net |