198. Licenze d'uso del software libero o Open Source

La licenza è il contratto che intercorre tra chi possiede il copyright di un programma e l'utente di questo. In linea di principio, l'autore è libero di imporre i vincoli che vuole all'utilizzo, alla distribuzione e alla modifica del risultato del proprio lavoro. GNU/Linux può essere utilizzato, copiato e distribuito liberamente, in base a quanto stabilito dalla licenza GNU-GPL, ma questo non vale per tutto quello che può essere utilizzato con questo sistema operativo. Occorre un po' di attenzione.

Lo spirito del software libero è quello che viene descritto nel Manifesto GNU (appendice 196), e le caratteristiche in base alle quali il software può essere classificato come «libero» sono indicate dalla definizione dell'Open Source (appendice 197). Le tipiche licenze d'uso utilizzate in queste circostanze sono quelle elencate di seguito. Altre licenze specifiche sono utilizzate per programmi particolari, come nel caso del sistema grafico X.

198.1 Licenza GNU GPL

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE - Version 2, June 1991

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.

We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.

Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.

Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE - TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.

c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.

3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.

If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.

6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.

7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.

8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

NO WARRANTY

11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

Questa è una traduzione italiana non ufficiale della Licenza Pubblica Generica GNU. Non è pubblicata dalla Free Software Foundation e non ha valore legale nell'esprimere i termini di distribuzione del software che usa la licenza GPL. Solo la versione originale in inglese della licenza ha valore legale. A ogni modo, speriamo che questa traduzione aiuti le persone di lingua italiana a capire meglio il significato della licenza GPL.

This is an unofficial translation of the GNU General Public License into Italian. It was not published by the Free Software Foundation, and does not legally state the distribution terms for software that uses the GNU GPL--only the original English text of the GNU GPL does that. However, we hope that this translation will help Italian speakers understand the GNU GPL better.

Traduzione curata dal gruppo Pluto e da ILS.

LICENZA PUBBLICA GENERICA (GPL) DEL PROGETTO GNU - Versione 2, Giugno 1991

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

Tutti possono copiare e distribuire copie letterali di questo documento di licenza, ma non è permesso modificarlo.

Preambolo

Le licenze per la maggioranza dei programmi hanno lo scopo di togliere all'utente la libertà di condividerlo e di modificarlo. Al contrario, la Licenza Pubblica Generica GNU è intesa a garantire la libertà di condividere e modificare il free software, al fine di assicurare che i programmi siano «liberi» per tutti i loro utenti. Questa Licenza si applica alla maggioranza dei programmi della Free Software Foundation e a ogni altro programma i cui autori hanno scelto questa Licenza. Alcuni altri programmi della Free Software Foundation sono invece coperti dalla Licenza Pubblica Generica per Librerie (LGPL). Chiunque può usare questa Licenza per i propri programmi.

Quando si parla di free software, ci si riferisce alla libertà, non al prezzo. Le nostre Licenze (la GPL e la LGPL) sono progettate per assicurare che ciascuno abbia la libertà di distribuire copie del software libero (e farsi pagare per questo, se vuole), che ciascuno riceva il codice sorgente o che lo possa ottenere se lo desidera, che ciascuno possa modificare il programma o usarne delle parti in nuovi programmi liberi e che ciascuno sappia di potere fare queste cose.

Per proteggere i diritti dell'utente, abbiamo bisogno di creare delle restrizioni che vietino a chiunque di negare questi diritti o di chiedere di rinunciarvi. Queste restrizioni si traducono in certe responsabilità per chi distribuisce copie del software e per chi lo modifica.

Per esempio, chi distribuisce copie di un Programma coperto da GPL, sia gratuitamente sia facendosi pagare, deve dare agli acquirenti tutti i diritti che ha ricevuto. Deve anche assicurarsi che gli acquirenti ricevano o possano ricevere il codice sorgente. E deve mostrar loro queste condizioni di Licenza, in modo che conoscano i loro diritti.

Proteggiamo i diritti dell'utente attraverso due azioni: (1) proteggendo il software con un diritto d'autore (una nota di copyright), e (2) offrendo una Licenza che concede il permesso legale di copiare, distribuire e/o modificare il Programma.

Infine, per proteggere ogni autore e noi stessi, vogliamo assicurarci che ognuno capisca che non ci sono garanzie per i programmi coperti da GPL. Se il Programma viene modificato da qualcun altro e ridistribuito, vogliamo che gli acquirenti sappiano che ciò che hanno non è l'originale, in modo che ogni problema introdotto da altri non si rifletta sulla reputazione degli autori originari.

Infine, ogni programma libero è costantemente minacciato dai brevetti sui programmi. Vogliamo evitare il pericolo che chi ridistribuisce un Programma libero ottenga brevetti personali, rendendo perciò il Programma una cosa di sua proprietà. Per prevenire questo, abbiamo chiarito che ogni prodotto brevettato debba essere reso disponibile perché tutti ne usufruiscano liberamente; se l'uso del prodotto deve sottostare a restrizioni allora tale prodotto non deve essere distribuito affatto.

Seguono i termini e le condizioni precisi per la copia, la distribuzione e la modifica.

LICENZA PUBBLICA GENERICA GNU - TERMINI E CONDIZIONI PER LA COPIA, LA DISTRIBUZIONE E LA MODIFICA

0. Questa Licenza si applica a ogni Programma o altra opera che contenga una nota da parte del detentore del diritto d'autore che dica che tale opera può essere distribuita nei termini di questa Licenza Pubblica Generica. Il termine «Programma» nel seguito indica ognuno di questi programmi o lavori, e l'espressione «lavoro basato sul Programma» indica sia il Programma sia ogni opera considerata «derivata» in base alla legge sul diritto d'autore: cioè un lavoro contenente il Programma o una porzione di esso, sia letteralmente sia modificato e/o tradotto in un'altra lingua; da qui in avanti, la traduzione è in ogni caso considerata una «modifica». Vengono ora elencati i diritti dei detentori di licenza.

Attività diverse dalla copiatura, distribuzione e modifica non sono coperte da questa Licenza e sono al di fuori della sua influenza. L'atto di eseguire il programma non viene limitato, e l'output del programma è coperto da questa Licenza solo se il suo contenuto costituisce un lavoro basato sul Programma (indipendentemente dal fatto che sia stato creato eseguendo il Programma). In base alla natura del Programma il suo output può essere o meno coperto da questa Licenza.

1. È lecito copiare e distribuire copie letterali del codice sorgente del Programma così come viene ricevuto, con qualsiasi mezzo, a condizione che venga riprodotta chiaramente su ogni copia un'appropriata nota di diritto d'autore e di assenza di garanzia; che si mantengano intatti tutti i riferimenti a questa Licenza e all'assenza di ogni garanzia; che si dia a ogni altro acquirente del Programma una copia di questa Licenza insieme al Programma.

È possibile richiedere un pagamento per il trasferimento fisico di una copia del Programma, è anche possibile a propria discrezione richiedere un pagamento in cambio di una copertura assicurativa.

2. È lecito modificare la propria copia o copie del Programma, o parte di esso, creando perciò un lavoro basato sul Programma, e copiare o distribuire queste modifiche e questi lavori secondo i termini del precedente comma 1, a patto che vengano soddisfatte queste condizioni:

a) Bisogna indicare chiaramente nei file che si tratta di copie modificate e la data di ogni modifica.

b) Bisogna fare in modo che ogni lavoro distribuito o pubblicato, che in parte o nella sua totalità derivi dal Programma o da parti di esso, sia utilizzabile gratuitamente da terzi nella sua totalità, secondo le condizioni di questa licenza.

c) Se di solito il programma modificato legge comandi interattivamente quando viene eseguito, bisogna fare in modo che all'inizio dell'esecuzione interattiva usuale, stampi un messaggio contenente un'appropriata nota di diritto d'autore e di assenza di garanzia (oppure che specifichi che si offre una garanzia). Il messaggio deve inoltre specificare agli utenti che possono ridistribuire il programma alle condizioni qui descritte e deve indicare come consultare una copia di questa licenza. Se però il programma di partenza è interattivo ma normalmente non stampa tale messaggio, non occorre che un lavoro derivato lo stampi.

Questi requisiti si applicano al lavoro modificato nel suo complesso. Se sussistono parti identificabili del lavoro modificato che non siano derivate dal Programma e che possono essere ragionevolmente considerate lavori indipendenti, allora questa Licenza e i suoi termini non si applicano a queste parti quando vengono distribuite separatamente. Se però queste parti vengono distribuite all'interno di un prodotto che è un lavoro basato sul Programma, la distribuzione di questo prodotto nel suo complesso deve avvenire nei termini di questa Licenza, le cui norme nei confronti di altri utenti si estendono a tutto il prodotto, e quindi a ogni sua parte, chiunque ne sia l'autore.

Sia chiaro che non è nelle intenzioni di questa sezione accampare diritti su lavori scritti interamente da altri, l'intento è piuttosto quello di esercitare il diritto di controllare la distribuzione di lavori derivati o dal Programma o di cui esso sia parte.

Inoltre, se il Programma o un lavoro derivato da esso viene aggregato a un altro lavoro non derivato dal Programma su di un mezzo di memorizzazione o di distribuzione, il lavoro non derivato non ricade nei termini di questa licenza.

3. È lecito copiare e distribuire il Programma (o un lavoro basato su di esso, come espresso al comma 2) sotto forma di codice oggetto o eseguibile secondo i termini dei precedenti commi 1 e 2, a patto che si applichi una delle seguenti condizioni:

a) Il Programma sia corredato dal codice sorgente completo, in una forma leggibile dal calcolatore e tale sorgente deve essere fornito secondo le regole dei precedenti commi 1 e 2 su di un mezzo comunemente usato per lo scambio di programmi.

b) Il Programma sia accompagnato da un'offerta scritta, valida per almeno tre anni, di fornire a chiunque ne faccia richiesta una copia completa del codice sorgente, in una forma leggibile dal calcolatore, in cambio di un compenso non superiore al costo del trasferimento fisico di tale copia, che deve essere fornita secondo le regole dei precedenti commi 1 e 2 su di un mezzo comunemente usato per lo scambio di programmi.

c) Il Programma sia accompagnato dalle informazioni che sono state ricevute riguardo alla possibilità di ottenere il codice sorgente. Questa alternativa è permessa solo in caso di distribuzioni non commerciali e solo se il programma è stato ricevuto sotto forma di codice oggetto o eseguibile in accordo al precedente punto b).

Per «codice sorgente completo» di un lavoro si intende la forma preferenziale usata per modificare un lavoro. Per un programma eseguibile, «codice sorgente completo» significa tutto il codice sorgente di tutti i moduli in esso contenuti, più ogni file associato che definisca le interfacce esterne del programma, più gli script usati per controllare la compilazione e l'installazione dell'eseguibile. In ogni caso non è necessario che il codice sorgente fornito includa nulla che sia normalmente distribuito (in forma sorgente o in formato binario) con i principali componenti del sistema operativo sotto cui viene eseguito il Programma (compilatore, kernel, e così via), a meno che tali componenti accompagnino l'eseguibile.

Se la distribuzione dell'eseguibile o del codice oggetto è effettuata indicando un luogo dal quale sia possibile copiarlo, permettere la copia del codice sorgente dallo stesso luogo è considerata una valida forma di distribuzione del codice sorgente, anche se copiare il sorgente è facoltativo per l'acquirente.

4. Non è lecito copiare, modificare, sublicenziare, o distribuire il Programma in modi diversi da quelli espressamente previsti da questa Licenza. Ogni tentativo contrario di copiare, modificare, sublicenziare o distribuire il Programma è legalmente nullo, e farà cessare automaticamente i diritti garantiti da questa Licenza. D'altra parte ogni acquirente che abbia ricevuto copie, o diritti, coperti da questa Licenza da parte di persone che violano la Licenza come qui indicato non vedranno invalidare la loro Licenza, purché si comportino conformemente a essa.

5. L'acquirente non è obbligato ad accettare questa Licenza, poiché non l'ha firmata. D'altra parte nessun altro documento garantisce il permesso di modificare o distribuire il Programma o i lavori derivati da esso. Queste azioni sono proibite dalla legge per chi non accetta questa Licenza; perciò, modificando o distribuendo il Programma o un lavoro basato sul programma, si accetta implicitamente questa Licenza e quindi di tutti i suoi termini e le condizioni poste sulla copia, la distribuzione e la modifica del Programma o di lavori basati su di esso.

6. Ogni volta che il Programma o un lavoro basato su di esso vengono distribuiti, l'acquirente riceve automaticamente una licenza d'uso da parte del licenziatario originale. Tale licenza regola la copia, la distribuzione e la modifica del Programma secondo questi termini e queste condizioni. Non è lecito imporre restrizioni ulteriori all'acquirente nel suo esercizio dei diritti qui garantiti. Chi distribuisce programmi coperti da questa Licenza non è comunque responsabile per la conformità alla Licenza da parte di terzi.

7. Se, come conseguenza del giudizio di un tribunale, o di un'imputazione per la violazione di un brevetto o per ogni altra ragione (anche non relativa a questioni di brevetti), vengono imposte condizioni che contraddicono le condizioni di questa licenza, che queste condizioni siano dettate dal tribunale, da accordi tra le parti o altro, queste condizioni non esimono nessuno dall'osservazione di questa Licenza. Se non è possibile distribuire un prodotto in un modo che soddisfi simultaneamente gli obblighi dettati da questa Licenza e altri obblighi pertinenti, il prodotto non può essere distribuito affatto. Per esempio, se un brevetto non permettesse a tutti quelli che lo ricevono di ridistribuire il Programma senza obbligare al pagamento di diritti, allora l'unico modo per soddisfare contemporaneamente il brevetto e questa Licenza è di non distribuire affatto il Programma.

Se parti di questo comma sono ritenute non valide o inapplicabili per qualsiasi circostanza, deve comunque essere applicata l'idea espressa da questo comma; in ogni altra circostanza invece deve essere applicato il comma 7 nel suo complesso.

Non è nello scopo di questo comma indurre gli utenti a violare alcun brevetto né ogni altra rivendicazione di diritti di proprietà, né di contestare la validità di alcuna di queste rivendicazioni; lo scopo di questo comma è solo quello di proteggere l'integrità del sistema di distribuzione del software libero, che viene realizzato tramite l'uso della licenza pubblica. Molte persone hanno contribuito generosamente alla vasta gamma di programmi distribuiti attraverso questo sistema, basandosi sull'applicazione consistente di tale sistema. L'autore/donatore può decidere di sua volontà se preferisce distribuire il software avvalendosi di altri sistemi, e l'acquirente non può imporre la scelta del sistema di distribuzione.

Questo comma serve a rendere il più chiaro possibile ciò che crediamo sia una conseguenza del resto di questa Licenza.

8. Se in alcuni paesi la distribuzione e/o l'uso del Programma sono limitati da brevetto o dall'uso di interfacce coperte da diritti d'autore, il detentore del copyright originale che pone il Programma sotto questa Licenza può aggiungere limiti geografici espliciti alla distribuzione, per escludere questi paesi dalla distribuzione stessa, in modo che il programma possa essere distribuito solo nei paesi non esclusi da questa regola. In questo caso i limiti geografici sono inclusi in questa Licenza e ne fanno parte a tutti gli effetti.

9. All'occorrenza la Free Software Foundation può pubblicare revisioni o nuove versioni di questa Licenza Pubblica Generica. Tali nuove versioni saranno simili a questa nello spirito, ma potranno differire nei dettagli al fine di coprire nuovi problemi e nuove situazioni.

Ad ogni versione viene dato un numero identificativo. Se il Programma asserisce di essere coperto da una particolare versione di questa Licenza e «da ogni versione successiva», l'acquirente può scegliere se seguire le condizioni della versione specificata o di una successiva. Se il Programma non specifica quale versione di questa Licenza deve applicarsi, l'acquirente può scegliere una qualsiasi versione tra quelle pubblicate dalla Free Software Foundation.

10. Se si desidera incorporare parti del Programma in altri programmi liberi le cui condizioni di distribuzione differiscano da queste, è possibile scrivere all'autore del Programma per chiederne l'autorizzazione. Per il software il cui copyright è detenuto dalla Free Software Foundation, si scriva alla Free Software Foundation; talvolta facciamo eccezioni alle regole di questa Licenza. La nostra decisione sarà guidata da due scopi: preservare la libertà di tutti i prodotti derivati dal nostro software libero e promuovere la condivisione e il riutilizzo del software in generale.

NESSUNA GARANZIA

11. POICHÉ IL PROGRAMMA È CONCESSO IN USO GRATUITAMENTE, NON C'È ALCUNA GARANZIA PER IL PROGRAMMA, NEI LIMITI PERMESSI DALLE VIGENTI LEGGI. SE NON INDICATO DIVERSAMENTE PER ISCRITTO, IL DETENTORE DEL COPYRIGHT E LE ALTRE PARTI FORNISCONO IL PROGRAMMA "COSI` COM'È", SENZA ALCUN TIPO DI GARANZIA, NÉ ESPLICITA NÉ IMPLICITA; CIÒ COMPRENDE, SENZA LIMITARSI A QUESTO, LA GARANZIA IMPLICITA DI COMMERCIABILITÀ E UTILIZZABILITÀ PER UN PARTICOLARE SCOPO. L'INTERO RISCHIO CONCERNENTE LA QUALITÀ E LE PRESTAZIONI DEL PROGRAMMA È DELL'ACQUIRENTE. SE IL PROGRAMMA DOVESSE RIVELARSI DIFETTOSO, L'ACQUIRENTE SI ASSUME IL COSTO DI OGNI MANUTENZIONE, RIPARAZIONE O CORREZIONE NECESSARIA.

12. NÉ IL DETENTORE DEL COPYRIGHT NÉ ALTRE PARTI CHE POSSONO MODIFICARE O RIDISTRIBUIRE IL PROGRAMMA COME PERMESSO IN QUESTA LICENZA SONO RESPONSABILI PER DANNI NEI CONFRONTI DELL'ACQUIRENTE, A MENO CHE QUESTO NON SIA RICHIESTO DALLE LEGGI VIGENTI O APPAIA IN UN ACCORDO SCRITTO. SONO INCLUSI DANNI GENERICI, SPECIALI O INCIDENTALI, COME PURE I DANNI CHE CONSEGUONO DALL'USO O DALL'IMPOSSIBILITÀ DI USARE IL PROGRAMMA; CIÒ COMPRENDE, SENZA LIMITARSI A QUESTO, LA PERDITA DI DATI, LA CORRUZIONE DEI DATI, LE PERDITE SOSTENUTE DALL'ACQUIRENTE O DA TERZE PARTI E L'INABILITÀ DEL PROGRAMMA A LAVORARE INSIEME AD ALTRI PROGRAMMI, ANCHE SE IL DETENTORE O ALTRE PARTI SONO STATE AVVISATE DELLA POSSIBILITÀ DI QUESTI DANNI.

FINE DEI TERMINI E DELLE CONDIZIONI

Appendice: come applicare questi termini ai nuovi programmi

Se si sviluppa un nuovo programma e lo si vuole rendere della maggiore utilità possibile per il pubblico, la cosa migliore da fare è fare sì che divenga software libero, cosicché ciascuno possa ridistribuirlo e modificarlo secondo questi termini.

Per fare questo, si inserisca nel programma la seguente nota. La cosa migliore da fare è mettere la nota all`inizio di ogni file sorgente, per chiarire nel modo più efficace possibile l'assenza di garanzia; ogni file dovrebbe contenere almeno la nota di diritto d'autore e l'indicazione di dove trovare l'intera nota.

GNU LIBRARY GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE - Version 2, June 1991

Copyright (C) 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

[This is the first released version of the library GPL. It is numbered 2 because it goes with version 2 of the ordinary GPL.]

Preamble

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.

This license, the Library General Public License, applies to some specially designated Free Software Foundation software, and to any other libraries whose authors decide to use it. You can use it for your libraries, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

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Most GNU software, including some libraries, is covered by the ordinary GNU General Public License, which was designed for utility programs. This license, the GNU Library General Public License, applies to certain designated libraries. This license is quite different from the ordinary one; be sure to read it in full, and don't assume that anything in it is the same as in the ordinary license.

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Because of this blurred distinction, using the ordinary General Public License for libraries did not effectively promote software sharing, because most developers did not use the libraries. We concluded that weaker conditions might promote sharing better.

However, unrestricted linking of non-free programs would deprive the users of those programs of all benefit from the free status of the libraries themselves. This Library General Public License is intended to permit developers of non-free programs to use free libraries, while preserving your freedom as a user of such programs to change the free libraries that are incorporated in them. (We have not seen how to achieve this as regards changes in header files, but we have achieved it as regards changes in the actual functions of the Library.) The hope is that this will lead to faster development of free libraries.

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Note that it is possible for a library to be covered by the ordinary General Public License rather than by this special one.

GNU LIBRARY GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE - TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

0. This License Agreement applies to any software library which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder or other authorized party saying it may be distributed under the terms of this Library General Public License (also called "this License"). Each licensee is addressed as "you".

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NO WARRANTY

15. BECAUSE THE LIBRARY IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE LIBRARY, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE LIBRARY "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE LIBRARY IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE LIBRARY PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

16. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE LIBRARY AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE LIBRARY (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE LIBRARY TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER SOFTWARE), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries

If you develop a new library, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, we recommend making it free software that everyone can redistribute and change. You can do so by permitting redistribution under these terms (or, alternatively, under the terms of the ordinary General Public License).

To apply these terms, attach the following notices to the library. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

The "Artistic License"

Preamble

The intent of this document is to state the conditions under which a Package may be copied, such that the Copyright Holder maintains some semblance of artistic control over the development of the package, while giving the users of the package the right to use and distribute the Package in a more-or-less customary fashion, plus the right to make reasonable modifications.

Definitions:

"Package" refers to the collection of files distributed by the Copyright Holder, and derivatives of that collection of files created through textual modification.

"Standard Version" refers to such a Package if it has not been modified, or has been modified in accordance with the wishes of the Copyright Holder as specified below.

"Copyright Holder" is whoever is named in the copyright or copyrights for the package.

"You" is you, if you're thinking about copying or distributing this Package.

"Reasonable copying fee" is whatever you can justify on the basis of media cost, duplication charges, time of people involved, and so on. (You will not be required to justify it to the Copyright Holder, but only to the computing community at large as a market that must bear the fee.)

"Freely Available" means that no fee is charged for the item itself, though there may be fees involved in handling the item. It also means that recipients of the item may redistribute it under the same conditions they received it.

---------

1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the Standard Version of this Package without restriction, provided that you duplicate all of the original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.

2. You may apply bug fixes, portability fixes and other modifications derived from the Public Domain or from the Copyright Holder. A Package modified in such a way shall still be considered the Standard Version.

3. You may otherwise modify your copy of this Package in any way, provided that you insert a prominent notice in each changed file stating how and when you changed that file, and provided that you do at least ONE of the following:

a) place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise make them Freely Available, such as by posting said modifications to Usenet or an equivalent medium, or placing the modifications on a major archive site such as uunet.uu.net, or by allowing the Copyright Holder to include your modifications in the Standard Version of the Package.

b) use the modified Package only within your corporation or organization.

c) rename any non-standard executables so the names do not conflict with standard executables, which must also be provided, and provide a separate manual page for each non-standard executable that clearly documents how it differs from the Standard Version.

d) make other distribution arrangements with the Copyright Holder.

4. You may distribute the programs of this Package in object code or executable form, provided that you do at least ONE of the following:

a) distribute a Standard Version of the executables and library files, together with instructions (in the manual page or equivalent) on where to get the Standard Version.

b) accompany the distribution with the machine-readable source of the Package with your modifications.

c) give non-standard executables non-standard names, and clearly document the differences in manual pages (or equivalent), together with instructions on where to get the Standard Version.

d) make other distribution arrangements with the Copyright Holder.

5. You may charge a reasonable copying fee for any distribution of this Package. You may charge any fee you choose for support of this Package. You may not charge a fee for this Package itself. However, you may distribute this Package in aggregate with other (possibly commercial) programs as part of a larger (possibly commercial) software distribution provided that you do not advertise this Package as a product of your own. You may embed this Package's interpreter within an executable of yours (by linking); this shall be construed as a mere form of aggregation, provided that the complete Standard Version of the interpreter is so embedded.

6. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as output from the programs of this Package do not automatically fall under the copyright of this Package, but belong to whomever generated them, and may be sold commercially, and may be aggregated with this Package. If such scripts or library files are aggregated with this Package via the so-called "undump" or "unexec" methods of producing a binary executable image, then distribution of such an image shall neither be construed as a distribution of this Package nor shall it fall under the restrictions of Paragraphs 3 and 4, provided that you do not represent such an executable image as a Standard Version of this Package.

7. C subroutines (or comparably compiled subroutines in other languages) supplied by you and linked into this Package in order to emulate subroutines and variables of the language defined by this Package shall not be considered part of this Package, but are the equivalent of input as in Paragraph 6, provided these subroutines do not change the language in any way that would cause it to fail the regression tests for the language.

8. Aggregation of this Package with a commercial distribution is always permitted provided that the use of this Package is embedded; that is, when no overt attempt is made to make this Package's interfaces visible to the end user of the commercial distribution. Such use shall not be construed as a distribution of this Package.

9. The name of the Copyright Holder may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

10. THIS PACKAGE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

The End

198.5 Licenza BSD

Copyright (c) <year> The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software must display the following acknowledgement:

This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.

4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

198.6 Licenza MIT

Copyright (c) <year> <copyright holders>

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

198.7 Washington University -- Pine

Pine and Pico are registered trademarks of the University of Washington. No commercial use of these trademarks may be made without prior written permission of the University of Washington.

Pine, Pico, and Pilot software and its included text are Copyright 1989-1996 by the University of Washington.

Use of Pine/Pico/Pilot: You may compile and execute these programs for any purpose, including commercial, without paying anything to the University of Washington, provided that the legal notices are maintained intact and honored.

Local modification of this release is permitted as follows, or by mutual agreement: In order to reduce confusion and facilitate debugging, we request that locally modified versions be denoted by appending the letter "L" to the current version number, and that the local changes be enumerated in the integral release notes and associated documentation.

Redistribution of this release is permitted as follows, or by mutual agreement: (a) In free-of-charge or at-cost distributions by non-profit concerns; (b) In free-of-charge distributions by for-profit concerns; (c) Inclusion in a CD-ROM collection of free-of-charge, shareware, or non-proprietary software for which a fee may be charged for the packaged distribution.

UW encourages unrestricted distribution of individual patches to the Pine system. By "patches" we mean "difference" files that can be applied to the UW Pine source distribution in order to accomplish bug fixes, minor enhancements, or adaptation to new operating systems. Submission of these patches to UW for possible inclusion in future Pine versions is also encouraged.

The above permissions are hereby granted, provided that the Pine and Pico copyright and trademark notices appear in all copies and that both the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of the University of Washington not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, prior written permission. This software is made available "as is", and

THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE) OR STRICT LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.