Music, Musical Instruments and Dance

Several textual sources (for instance concerning Gudea and Shulgi in Mesopotamia, or Syrian musicians frequently from Mari and dancers in Ebla documents) and material remains (for instance the instruments of the Royal Tombs of Ur, a statue from Mari, and various cylinder seals) highligth III millennium music and dance. However, the following literature covers not only the Early Bronze Age, but also later periods of the Near Eastern history:
Marco Bonechi, June 2000

W. Galpin, The Sumerian Harp of Ur, Music and Letters 10 (1929), pp. 108-123

H. G. Farmer, Studies in Oriental Musical Instruments, London - Glasgow 1931-1939

M. Duchesne-Guillemin, La harpe en Asie occidentale ancienne, RA 34 (1937), pp. 29-41

H. G. Farmer, The Instruments of Music on the Taq-i-Bustan Bas-reliefs, JRAS 1938, pp. 397-412

S. N. Kramer, Lamentation over the Destruction of Ur, Chicago 1940

M. Wegner, Hethitische Musik, in Die Musik in Geshichte und Gegenwart, vol. 6, Basel 1949, pp. 330-334

M. Wegner, Die Musikinstrumente des Altes Orients, Munster 1950

Fr. Behn, Musikleben im Altertum unf frühen Mittelater, Stuttgart 1954

C. C. J. Polin, Music of the Ancient Near East, New York 1954, 1969

E. Porada, A Lyre Player from Tarsus and His Relations, in S. Weinberger et alii edd., The Argean and the Near East: Studies Presented to H. Goldmann, New York 1956, pp. 185-211

H. G. Farmer, The Music of the Ancient Mesopotamia, in E. Wellesz ed., Ancient and Oriental Music, Oxford 1957, pp. 228-254

H. Hinkmann, Die Rolle des Vorderen Orients in der Abendländischen Musikgeschichte, Cahiers d'Histoire Égyptienne 9.1-2 (1957), pp. 19-37

E. Wellesz, The New Oxford History of Music, vol. 1, London 1957, pp. 239-246, 266-274, 294-295

P. Calmeyer, Glocke, RlA 3 (1957-1971), pp. 427-431

E. Ebeling, Flöte, RlA 3 (1957-1971), p. 88

E. Ebeling, Gesang, RlA 3 (1957-1971), p. 214

H. Hartmann, Die Musik der sumerischen Kultur, Diss. Frankfurt a. M., 1960

A. D. Kilmer, Two New Lists of Key Numbers for Mathematical Operations, Or NS 29 (1960), pp. 273-308

H. Hinkmann, Vorderasien und Ägypten im musikalischen Austausch, ZDMG 111 (1961), pp. 23-41

H. Hussmann, Grundlagen der antiken und orientalischen Musikkultur, Berlin 1961

W. Stauder, Die Harfen und Leiern Vorderasiens in babylonischer und assyrischer Zeit, Frankfurt a. M. 1961

B. Bayer, Material Relics of Music in Ancient Palestine and its Environs: An Archeological Inventory, Tel Aviv 1963 (in Hebrew)

A. D. Kilmer, The Strings of Musical Instruments: Their Names, Numbers, and Significance, AS 16, Chicago 1965, pp. 261-272

T. C. Mitchell - R. Joyce, The Musical Instruments in Nebuchadrezzar's Orchestra, in Notes on Some Problems of the Book of Daniel, London 1965

H. G. Farmer, Islam, in H. Besseler - M. Schneider edd., Musikgeschichte in Bildern, vol. 3.2, Leipzig 1966

K. Bittel, Cymbeln für Kybele, in Günther Wasmuth zum 80. Geburstag gewidmet von seinen Freunden, Kollegen und Autoren, Tübungen 1968, pp. 79-82

O. R. Gurney, An Old Babylonian Tratise on the Tuning of the Harp, Iraq 30 (1968), pp. 229-233

D. Wulstan, The Tuning of the Babylonian Harp, Iraq 30 (1968), pp. 215-228

R. D. Barnett, New Facts about Musical Instruments from Ur, Iraq 31 (1969), pp. 96-103

M. Duchesne-Guillemin, L'oliphant dans l'antiquité, Berytus 18 (1969), pp. 113-139

S. N. Kramer, Inanna and Šulgi: A Sumerian Fertility Song, Iraq 31 (1969), pp. 18-23

S. N. Kramer, Lamentation over the Destruction of Nippur. A Preliminary Report, ErIs 9 (1969), pp. 89-93

J. Rimmer, Ancient Musical Instruments of Western Asia in the British Museum, London 1969

A. Sendrey, Music in Ancient Israel, London 1969

M. Duchesne-Guillemin, La harpe ą plectre iranienne, JNES 28 81969), pp. 109-115

P. Calmeyer, Federkränze und Musik, in A. Finet ed., XVII RAI, Ham-sur-Heure 1970, pp. 184-195

Fr. Ellermeier, Beiträge zur Frühgeschichte altorientalischer Saiteninstrumenten, in A. Kuschke - E. Kutsch edd., Archäologie und Altes Testament: Festschrift für Kurt Galling, Tübingen 1970, pp. 75-90

H. G. Güterbock, Musical Notation in Ugarit, RA 64 (1970), pp. 45-52

H. M. Kümmel, Zur Stimmung der babylonischen Harfe, Or NS 39 (1970), pp. 252-263

M. Matoušovį(-Rajmovį), Quelques remarques sur la danse en Mesopotamie, ArOr 38 (1970), pp. 140-147

S. A. Rashid, Die einsaitige Laute bei den Bergvölkern Vorderasiens, in Festschrift für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, II, Berlin 1970, pp. 185-192

W. Stauder, Die Musik der Sumerer, Babylonier und Assyrer, HdOr I, Erg.Bd IV, 1970, pp. 171-243

A. D. Kilmer, The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian Theory of Music, PAPS 115 (1971), pp. 131-149

S. N. Kramer, u®-a a-ł-a: A Sumerian Lullaby, in Studi in onore di E. Volterra, vol. 6, Milano 1971, pp. 191-205

W. G. Lambert, The Converse Tablet: A Litany with Musical Instructions, in H. Goedicke ed., Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William Foxwell Albright, Baltimore 1971, pp. 335-353

H. Nixdorff, Zur Typologie und Geschichte der Rahmentrommeln, Berlin 1971

S. A. Rashid, Zur Datierung der mesopotamischen Trommeln und Becken, ZA 61 (1971), pp. 89-105

D. Wulstan, The Earliest Notation, Music and Letters 52 (1971), pp. 365-382

A. Spycket, La musique instrumentale mésopotamienne, Journal des Savants 1972, pp. 153-209

H. Turnbull, The Origin of the Long-nacked Lute, Galpin Society Journal 25 (1972), pp. 58-66

K. Vellekoop, review of J. Rimmer, Ancient Musical Instruments of Western Asia, BiOr 29 (1972), pp. 39-40

L. Vorreiter, Westsemitische Urformen von Saiteinstrumenten, in Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Musik des Orients 11 (1972-1973), pp. 71-77

H. M. Kümmel, Horn (Musikinstrument). Philologisch, RlA 4 (1972-1975), pp. 469-470

W. Stauder, Harfe, RlA 4 (1972-1975), pp. 114-120

W. Stauder, Horn (Musikinstrument). Archäologisch, RlA 4 (1972-1975), pp. 470-471

E. Laroche, Études hourrites: Notation musicale, RA 67 (1973), pp. 124-129

A. D. Kilmer, The Cult Song with Music from Ancient Ugarit: Another Interpretation, RA 68 (1974), pp. 69-82

C. C. J. Polin, Music in the Social and Religious Life of Antiquity, Rutherford, N.J., 1974

L. Vorreiter, Altsemitischen Schräglyren, Die Musikforschung 28 (1974), pp. 72-79

D. Wulstan, Music from Ancient Ugarit, RA 68 (1974), pp. 125-128

J. H. Eaton, Dancing in the Old Testament, ExpTim 86 (1975), pp. 136-140

I. J. Gelb, Homo Ludens in Early Mesopotamia, StOr 45 (1975), pp. 43-75

R. Kutscher, Oh Angry Sea (a-ab-ba hu-luh-ha). The History of a Sumerian Congregational Lament, New Haven 1975

M. Civil, The Song of the Plowing Oxen, in B. L. Eichler - J. W. Heimerdinger - Å. W. Sjöberg edd., Kramer Anniversary Volume, AOAT 25 (1976), pp. 83-95

A. D. Kilmer - R. L. Crocker - R. B. Brown, Sounds from the Silence: Recent Discoveries on Ancient Near Eastern Music, Berkeley 1976

M. Gorali, Music in Ancient Israel, Haifa 1977

A. D. Kilmer, Notes on Akkadian uppu, in M. deJ. Ellis ed., Essays on the Ancient Near East in Memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein, Hamden 1977, pp. 129-138

S. A. Rashid, Comparative Archaeological Research on the Musical Instruments in Ancient Iraq and Egypt, Sumer 33 (1977), pp. 9-17 (in Arabic)

W. Madge, Bible Music and Its Development, London 1977

H.-J. Thiel, Der Text und Notenfolgen des Musiktextes aus Ugarit, SMEA 18 (1977), pp. 109-139

Cl. Wilcke, Die Anfänge der akkadischen Epen, ZA 67 (1977), pp. 153-216

M. W. Green, The Eridu Lament, JCS 30 (1978), pp. 127-167

M. Matoušovį(-Rajmovį), Illustration de la danse sur les sceaux de l'époque babylonienne ancienne, ArOr 46 (1978), pp. 153-163

H.-J. Thiel, Zur Gliederung des 'Musik-Textes' aus Ugarit, RHA 36 (1978), pp. 189-197

H. L. Vantisphout, Lipit-Eštar's Praise in the Edubba, JCS 30 (1978), pp. 33-39

M. Matoušovį(-Rajmovį), La position ą génuflexion inachevée - activité et danse, ArOr 47 (1979), pp. 57-66

D. Collon - A. D. Kilmer, The Lute in Ancient Mesopotamia, in T. C. Mitchell ed., Music and Civilization (= The British Museum Yearbook 4), London 1980, pp. 13-26

T. C. Mitchell, An Assyrian Stringed Instruments, in T. C. Mitchell ed., Music and Civilization (= The British Museum Yearbook 4), London 1980, pp. 33-42

E. Porada, A Cylinder Seal Showing a Harpist, in T. C. Mitchell ed., Music and Civilization (= The British Museum Yearbook 4), London 1980, pp. 29-32

H. Schanks, World's Oldest Musical Notation Deciphred on Cuneiform Tablet, BARev 6/5 (1980), pp. 14-25

H. Turnbull, Anatolia, in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. 1, London 1980, pp. 388-393

A. D. Kilmer - D. Collon, Laute, RlA 6 (1980-1983), pp. 512-515

A. D. Kilmer - D. Collon, Leier, RlA 6 (1980-1983), pp. 571-576

M. E. Cohen, Sumerian Hymnology: The Eršemma, HUCAS 2, Cincinnati 1981

S. N. Kramer, BM 29616: The Fashioning of the gala, ASJ 3 (1981), pp. 1-11

C. Schmidt-Colinet, Die Musikinstrumente in der Kunst des Alten Orients: Archäologisch-philologische Studien, Bonn 1981

J. P. F. van den Boorn, An Ancient Musical Instrument from Iran, OudhMeded 62 (1981), pp. 27-52

A. D. Kilmer, A Note on an Overlooked Word-Play in the Akkadian Gilgamesh, in G. van Driel - Th. J. H. Krispijn - M. Stol - K. R. Veenhof edd., zikir šumim, Assyriological Studies Presented to F. R. Kraus on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday, Leiden 1982, pp. 128-132

R. Vitale, La musique suméro-akkadienne. Gamme et notation musicale, UF 14 (1982), pp. 241-263

J. A. Black, Babylonian Ballads. A New Genre, JAOS 103 (1983), pp. 25-34

M. Duchesne-Guillemin, Pukku and Mekku, Iraq 45 (1983), pp. 151-156

M. T. Roth, The Slave and the Scoundrel: CBS 10467, A Sumerian Morality Tale?, JAOS 103 (1983), pp. 275-282

R. L. Crocker - A. D. Kilmer, The Fragmentary Music Text from Nippur, Iraq 46 (1984), pp. 81-85

M. Duchesne-Guillemin, A Hurrian Musical Score from Ugarit: The Discovery of Mesopotamian Music, SANE 2 (1984), pp. 63-94

M. Duchesne-Guillemin, L'animal sur la cithare. Nouvelle lumičre sur l'origine sumérienne de la cithare grecque, in J. Loicq ed., Orientalia J. Duchesne-Guillemin emerito oblata, Acta Iranica, Hommages et opera minora 9, Leiden 1984, pp. 129-141

S. A. Rashid, Mesopotamien, in W. Bachmann ed., Musikgeschichte in Bildern, vol. 2, Leipzig 1984

M. Duchesne-Guillemin, Une marionette d'époque parthe et le problčme de l'origine du luth, OudhMeded 65 (1984-1985), pp. 23-28

B. Alster, Geštinanna as Singer and the Chorus of Uruk and Zabalam, JCS 37 (1985), pp. 219-228

A. D. Kilmer - M. Civil, Old Babylonian Musical Instructions Relating to Hymnody, JCS 38 (1986), pp. 94-98

A. Caubet, La musique ą Ougarit, CRAIBL 1987, pp. 731-754

M. K. Cerny, Das altmesopotamische Tonsystem, seine Organisation und Entwicklung im Lichte der neuerschlossenen Texte, ArOr 55 (1987), pp. 41-57

M. Civil, The Tigidlu Bird and a Musical Instruments, NABU 1987/48

D. Collon, Music and Dance, in D. Collon, First Impressions, London 1987, pp. 151-154

St. De Martino, Il lessico musicale ittita II. GIŠ ^dInanna = cetra, OA 26 (1987), pp. 171-185

J. Goodnick Westenholz, A Forgotten Love Song, in F. Rochberg-Halton ed., Language, Literature, and History: Philological and Historical Studies Presented to Erica Reiner, AOS 67 (1987), pp. 415-425

Th. Jacobsen, The Harps That Once ... Sumerian Poetry in Translation, New Haven 1987

B. Lewergren - O. R. Gurney, Sound Holes and Geometrical Figures. Clues to the Terminology of Ancient Mesopotamian Harps, Iraq 49 (1987), pp. 37-52

C. L. Meyers, A Terracotta in the Harvard Semitic Museum and Disc-Holding Female Figures Reconsidered, IEJ 37 (1987), pp. 116-122

P. Michalowski, On the Early History of the Ershahunga Prayer, JCS 39 (1987), pp. 37-48

A. Archi, The musicians, nar, ARES I, Roma 1988, pp. 271-284

M. K. Cerny, Probleme der Musikaufzeichnung aus Ugarit - Versuch einer neuer Interpretation des Hymnus h.6, in P. Vavroušek - V. Soucek edd., Šulmu. Papers on the Ancient Near East Presented at International Conference of Socialist Countries (Prague, Sept. 30 - Oct. 3 1986), Prague 1988, pp. 49-61

M. E. Cohen, The Canonical Lamentations of Ancient Mesopotamia, Potomac, Md., 1988

St. De Martino, Il lessico musicale ittita: usi e valori di alcuni verbi, Hethitica 9 (1988), pp. 5-16

J.-M. Durand, Archives épistolaires de Mari I/1, ARM XXVI/1, Paris 1988

R. Eichmann, Zur Konstruktion und Spielhaltung der altorientalischen Spiesslauten - von den Anfängen bis in die seleukidisch-partische Zeit, BaM 19 (1988), pp. 583-625

I. L. Finkel, A Fragmentary Catalogue of Lovesong, ASJ 10 (1988), pp. 17-18

St. Maul, 'Herzeberuhigungsklagen'. Die sumerisch-akkadischen Eršašunga-Gebete, Wiesbaden 1988

M. V. Tonietti, La figura del nar nei testi di Ebla. Ipotesi per una cronologia delle liste di nomi presenti nei testi economici, QuSem 15 (1988), pp. 79-119

W. von Soden, Musikinstrumente in Mari, NABU 1988/59

A. Catagnoti, Les nains ą Ebla, NABU 1989/31

A. Catagnoti, I NE.DI nei testi amministrativi degli archivi di Ebla, QuSem 16 (1989), pp. 149-201

St. De Martino, La danza nella cultura ittita, Eothen 2, Firenze 1989

E. de Waele, Musicians and Musical Instruments on the Rock Reliefs in the Elamite Sanctuary of Kul-e Farah (Izeh), Iran 27 (1989), pp. 29-38

M. Duchesne-Guillemin, Sur la lyre-kithara géante, in L. de Meyer ed., Archaoelogica iranica et orientalis. Miscellanea in honorem L. Vanden Berghe, Gand 1989, pp. 127-131

M. Matoušovį(-Rajmovį), Der Tanz auf kappadokischen Siegelbindern, ArOr 57 (1989), pp. 247-256

P. Michalowski, Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur, MesCiv 1, 1989

H. Seidel, Musik in Altisrael, Frankfurt a.M. 1989

C. L. Seow, Myth, Drama, and the Politics of David's Dance, Atlanta 1989

M. V. Tonietti, Aggiornamento alla cronologia dei nar, QuSem 16 (1989), pp. 117-129

K. Volk, Die Balaę-Komposition śru ąm-ma-ir-ra-bi, FAOS 18, Stuttgart 1989

A. D. Kilmer, review of S. A. Rashid, Musikgeschichte in Bildern - Mesopotamien, JAOS 110 (1990), pp. 758-760

Th. J. H. Krispijn, Beiträge zur altorientalischen Musikforschung. 1. Šulgi und die Musik, Akkadica 70
(1990), pp. 1-27

J. Braun, Iron Age Seals from Ancient Israel Pertinent to Music, in Orbis Musicae: essays in Honor of Hanoch Avenary 10 (1990-1991), pp. 11-26

J. A. Black, Eme-sal Cult Songs and Prayers, in P. Michalowski - P. Steinkeller - E. C. Stone - R. L. Zettler edd., Velles Paraules, Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Miguel Civil, AuOr 9 (1991), pp. 23-36

A. Archi, Integrazioni alla prosopografia dei "danzatori", ne-di, di Ebla, VO 8 (1992), pp. 189-198

J. Arndt-Jeamart, Zur Konstruktion und Stimmung von Saiteninstrumenten nach den Musikalischen Keilschrifttexten, Or NS 61 (1992), pp. 425-447

M. Bonechi, Relations amicales syro-palestiniennes: Mari et Hańor au XVIIIe sičcle av. J.C., in J.-M. Durand ed., Florilegium marianum. Recueil d'études en l'honneur de Michel Fleury, Mém. de NABU 2, Paris 1992, pp. 9-22

J.-M. Durand, Unité et diversité au Proche-Orient ą l'époque amorrite, in D. Charpin - F. Joannčs edd., La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idées dans le Proche-Orient ancien, XXXVIII RAI, Paris 1992, p. 127

I. H. Jones, Musical Instruments, in D. N. Freedman ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 4, New York 1992, pp. 934-939

A. D. Kilmer, Musical Practice in Nippur, in M. deJ. Ellis ed., Nippur at the Centennial, XXXV RAI, Philadelphia 1992, pp. 101-112

M. Koitabashi, Significance of Ugarit mtńlm "Cymbals" in the Anat Text, in T. Mikasa ed., Cult and Ritual in Ancient Mesopotamia, Wiesbaden 1992, pp. 1-6

M. Koitabashi, The Deification of the "Lyre" in Ancient Ugarit, Orient 28 (1992), pp. 106-110

V. H. Matthews, Music in the Bible, in D. N. Freedman ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 4, New York 1992, pp. 930-934

N. Özgüē, A Lute Palyer from Samsat, in H. Otten et alii edd., Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Sedat Alp, Ankara 1992, pp. 419-423

F. A. M. Wiggermann, Mesopotamian Protective Spitrits. The Ritual Texts, Groningen 1992

A. Cavigneaux, Mesopotamian Lamentations, JAOS 113 (1993), pp. 251-257

M. Duchesne-Guillemin, Les instruments de musique dans l'art Sassanide, Ghent 1993

P. Steinkeller, Observations on the Sumerian Personal Names in Ebla Sources and on the Onomasticon of Mari and Kish, in M. E. Cohen - D. C. Snell - D. B. Weisberg edd., The Tablet and the Scroll, Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo, Bethesda 1993, pp. 236-245

M. L. West, The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts, Music and Letters 75 (1993-1994), pp. 161-179

J. Braun, Biblische Musikinstrumente, in Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, vol. 1, 1994, pp. 1503-1537

K. Volk, Improvisierte Musik im alten Mesopotamien?, Improvisation 2 (1994), pp. 160-202

St. De Martino, Music, Dance and Procession in Hittite Anatolia, in J. Sasson ed., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York 1995, pp. 2661-2669

W. W. Hallo, Lamentations and Prayers in Sumer and Akkad, in J. Sasson ed., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York 1995, pp. 1871-1881

A. D. Kilmer, Music and Dance in Ancient Western Asia, in J. Sasson ed., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York 1995, pp. 2601-2613

S. A. Rashid, Untersuchungen zum Musikinstrumentarium Assyriens, in U. Finkebeiner - R. Dittmann - H. Hauptmann ed., Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte Vorderasiens, Festschrift für Rainer Michael Boehmer, Mainz 1995, pp. 573-595

A. D. Kilmer, Musik, RlA 8 (1995-1997), pp. 463-482

J. Braun, Musik in Alt-Israel/Palästine: Studien zu den archäologischen, schriftlichen und vergleichenden Quellen, Freiburg 1996

A. D. Kilmer, Fugal Features in Atrahas–s: The Birth Theme, CM 6 (1996), pp. 127-139

A. D. Kilmer - St. Tinney, Old Babylonian Music Instruction Texts, JCS 48 (1996), pp. 49-56

St. Tinney, The Nippur Lament: Royal Rethoric and Divine Legitimation in the Reign of Išme-Dagan of Isin (1953-1935 B.C.), Philadelphia 1996

J. Braun, Musical Instruments, in E. M. Meyers ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, 4, New York - Oxford 1997, pp. 70-79

A. Catagnoti, Les listes de ŠŚB(.KI) dans les textes administratifs d'Ébla et l'onomastique de Nagar, MARI 8 (1997), pp. 563-596

D. Collon, Musik. Archäologisch, RlA 8 (1997), pp. 488-491

St. De Martino, Musik. Bei den Hethitern, RlA 8 (1997), pp. 483-488

M. Duchesne-Guillemin, Strumenti musicali - Iran, Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica Classica e Orientale, 2, Suppl. V, Roma 1997, pp. 445-448

J.-M. Durand - M. Guichard, Les rituels de Mari, in D. Charpin - J.-M. Durand edd., Florilegium marianum III. Recueil d'études ą la mémoire de Marie-Thérčse Barrelet, Mém. de NABU 4, Paris 1997, pp. 19-78

G. Farber, The Song of the Hoe, in W. W. Hallo - K. L. Younger Jr. edd., The Context of Scripture, 1. Canonical Compositions, Monumental Inscriptions, and Archival Documents from the Biblical World, Leiden 1997, pp. 511-513

B. R. Foster, Hymns and Prayers, in W. W. Hallo - K. L. Younger Jr. edd., The Context of Scripture, 1. Canonical Compositions, Monumental Inscriptions, and Archival Documents from the Biblical World, Leiden 1997, pp. 416-419

W. W. Hallo, Lamentations and Elegies, in W. W. Hallo - K. L. Younger Jr. edd., The Context of Scripture, 1. Canonical Compositions, Monumental Inscriptions, and Archival Documents from the Biblical World, Leiden 1997, pp. 419-421

J. Klein, Lamentations, in W. W. Hallo - K. L. Younger Jr. edd., The Context of Scripture, 1. Canonical Compositions, Monumental Inscriptions, and Archival Documents from the Biblical World, Leiden 1997, pp. 535-539

G. Lacerenza, Strumenti musicali - Vicino Oriente, Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica Classica e Orientale, 2, Suppl. V, Roma 1997, pp. 436-439

G. J. Selz, The holy Drum, the Spear, and the Harp. Towards an understanding of the problems of deification in the third millennium Mesopotamia, in I. L. Finkel - M. J. Geller edd., Sumerian Gods and Their Representations, CM 7, Groningen 1997, pp. 167-213

M. V. Tonietti, Musik. In Ebla, RlA 8 (1997), pp. 482-483

M. V. Tonietti, Nar directly connected to a temple in Ebla, NABU 1997/39

V. Garfinkel, Dancing and the Beginning of Art Scenes in the Early Village Communities of the Near East and South East Europe, CAJ 8 (1998), pp. 207-237

A. D. Kilmer, The Musical Instruments from Ur and Ancient Mesopotamia Music, Expedition 40/2 (1998), pp. 12-19

M. Koitabashi, Music in the Texts from Ugarit, UF 30 (1998), pp. 363-396

M. V. Tonietti, The Mobility of the NAR and the Sumerian Personal Names in Pre-Sargonic Mari Onomasticon, Subartu IV/2 (1998), pp. 83-101

A. Malamat, Amorrite Musicians at Mari, NABU 1999/46

N. Ziegler, Le harem de Zimrī-Līm, Florilegium marianum IV, Paris 1999

N. Ziegler, Le harem du vaincu, RA 93 (1999), pp. 1-26

P. Bienkowski, Dance, in P. Bienkowski - A. Millard edd., Dictionary of the Ancient Near East, London 2000, p. 88

P. Bienkowski, Music, in P. Bienkowski - A. Millard edd., Dictionary of the Ancient Near East, London 2000, pp. 203-204

J.-M. Durand, La musique ą Mari, in ARM XXVI/3, forthcoming