The most modern telephone is the cellular telephone, or commonly
called a cell phone. A cellular telephone is designed to give the user maximum freedom of
movement while using a telephone.
Mobile communications is a hot topic. The number of mobile
communication devices users is growing very fast. The number of mobiles (cellular phones)
is now exceeding the number of fixed lines in many countries (Finland, Japan etc.).
Cellular/mobile phones are everywhere and their utility is growing.
A cell phone is a radio telephone, that may be used wherever "cell" coverage is
provided. The role of cellular phones has risen with improvement in services, reduction in
service costs and the ever increasing services available through cell phones.
Mobile Internet access is a global phenomenon with even great
implications. Leading phone manufacturers such as Ericsson, Matsushita (Panasonic),
Motorola, and Nokia have put a great deal of marketing effort behind the mobile Internet
phenomenon, recognizing that adoption is a complex business proposition. In Europe, WAP is
has generated widespread interest because of lots of marketing and expectations put to it.
In Japan NTTDoCoMo's mobile Internet service is based on a service called iMode that uses
Compact HTML (CHTML) microbrowsers in the phone. There are also products on the market
which combine a PDA, a real web-browser and some communication interface (cellular phone,
WLAN etc.) into one smart communication device. A the generic phone may soon acquire a
browser. And mobile phones will morph into PDAs or organizers. The markets will show what
customers will buy and use. The handsets sold over the next few years are likely to
operate much differently than those of today. Mobile terminals are complex embedded
systems, with stringent real-time requirements for signaling and voice processing. Now Web
browsing, multimedia, and connectivity requirements are added to the list.
There are many technical challenges to be solved to make all this to
work. Ubiquity is a pinnacle that the cellular communication sector has hoped to reach for
the past five years. To reach this goal, a series of networks must be built that allow
consumers to use their phone anytime, anywhere. The truth is ubiquity is far from becoming
a reality. Across the world cellular carriers can't seem to agree on a single air
interface for wireless operation. But, despite battles on the standards front, the
wireless community has pushed forward in its efforts to build mobile networks and phones
that deliver worldwide coverage. To make this happen, they have focused their attention on
developing multimode systems that can support CDMA, TDMA, GSM, GPRS, wideband CDMA
(W-CDMA), and a host of other air interfaces in the same box.
Mobile Internet is a hot topic. Mobile Internet benefits from the
creativity and enthusiasm of entrepreneurs to bring life to the market. It is not only the
technology, but a multitude of consumer and business issues, which will decide how quickly
and widely next-generation wireless services are deployed. The first version of WAP was a
dissappointment to users, because it was not real Internet, but some poor imitation of it.
The first users got a very strong dissappointment on the services, and the service market
has not got any gib business although most new cellular phones have WAP capabilities in
them, but hardly anyone uses them in most countries. Instead of WAP, most users use SMS to
access simple mobile services.
In Japan, mobile Internet is getting a warm reception for various
reasons in busines, technology and marketing. Third Generation wireless services are being
boosted by a combination of positive factors in Japan. The Japan government is now pushing
for third generation (3G) services, both to provide increased mobile capacity at home, and
to ensure that Japanese companies are well positioned in the competition for the next
generation of wireless equipment around the world.
Before 3G there could be 2.5G. In Europe, deployment of modified
second generation services (called 2.5G products) such as General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS) will boost bandwidth and provide always-on capability that should make the mobile
Internet take off. GPRS is an attractive solution to operators, because it does not
require the same degree of investment as UMTS. In Europe licenses for operators for third
generation (3G) services have been sold in many countries at very high prices to
operators, and not operators have some hard time in figuring out how to get the money from
user to play for the ghigh licensing fees and high cost of building 3G network.
In North America, recently announced wireless data services (such as
Sprint's HDML based web browsers) are creating U.S. market awareness. America is well
behind Europe and Asia in mobile adoption, let alone wireless data services. Size and
wealth make the U.S. a very attractive target, but the hyper-competitive business
environment has actually held U.S. adoption back.
A
Wireless World - As demands on both my time and my physical presence begin to
increase, it's all too apparent that mobility is key. However, there are several issues,
including getting the darn devices to work, that must be attended to.
Generation
Wireless - Vendors and carriers are working to develop and deploy the next generation
of wireless systems, often referred to as 2.5G, which is packet-based and increases data
communication speeds to as high as 384 Kbps. This document describes what is coming in
near future.
Mobile World - general
mobile telephone topics portal
Peering
through the peer-to-peer fog - In spite of all the hype about peer-to-peer computing,
some useful applications have emerged from this not-so-new computing model.
Pervasive
computing: a computer in every pot - The success of the Web, wireless connectivity,
and the commoditization of computing are creating a world in which you can buy a movie
ticket at a soft-drink machine or your house can remind you where you left your keys.
Speeding
Up Wireless Standards Development - Quality assurances and time-to-market concerns are
always on the minds of wireless systems designers. Fortunately, there is the specification
and description language (SDL) to help speed up the development process.
Ultrawideband:
an electronic free lunch? - We may soon be sharing our cell-phone, television,
satellite, networking, and emergency-radio frequencies with a radically different wireless
technology that spreads tiny portions of its signal under the noise floor of existing
communications bands.
Where has wireless
been? - Exactly 100 years since Marconi demonstrated that radio waves defy the
curvature of the Earth, "wireless" is again all the rage. So where has it been,
asks Ryan Dilley.
Wireless
Access - article which covers use of cellular networks, cordless acess and fixed
wirelss access
The vast majority of today's voice-only (2G) wireless communications
devices were originally based on a dual-processor architecture. A digital signal processor
(DSP) handled many of the communications tasks, such as modulating and demodulating the
bit stream, coding and decoding to maintain the robustness of the communications link
despite transmission bit errors. In addition DSP part usually handles encrypting and
decrypting for security, and compressing and decompressing the signal. The second
processor was a general-purpose processor, which processed the user interface and the
upper layers of the communication protocol stack.
The basic dual-processor architecture of 2G will migrate to
data-centric 2.5 and 3G devices, but needs to be enhanced. New 2.5 and 3G applications,
such as streaming video and others, will change the nature of wireless communication
devices. Designers of wireless platforms should be concerned about maintaining a high
degree of flexibility.
Advanced
wireless technology revamps spectrum analysis - Spectrum analyzers may not be changing
overnight, but, by borrowing technology from the systems whose signals they analyze,
today's RF analyzers bear little resemblance to your father's instruments.
Gaining
Control of CDMA Power - Through the use of system-level design techniques, wireless
systems developers can more efficiently design, optimize, and test power control
algorithms in IS-95A CDMA handset and base station products.
Paving
Paths to Software Radio Design - The lines between ASICs, FPGAs, and DSPs are
blurring. With that in mind, designers must rethink product selection in their software
radio architectures.
Paving
the Way for Software Definable Radios - Handsets that support multi-operational modes
and frequency bands will rely on "breakthrough technology" to achieve advanced
functionality.
Piecing
Together the Bluetooth/Mobile Phone Puzzle - Mobile phones are seen as the biggest
growth sector for Bluetooth radios. Embedding this radio in a mobile architecture,
however, causes big RF and software integration challenges.
Polarizing
RF Transmitters for Multimode Operation - With standards still in flux, base station
and handset developers must build multimode systems that support CDMA, W-CDMA, GSM, and
more. By using polar modulation, designers can make these systems a reality.
RF
transistors meet wireless challenges - Discrete RF transistors, using a variety of
processing techniques, are proving their mettle in the demanding world of wireless
communications.
Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA) Tutorial - digital transmission technology that allows a number
of users to access a single radio-frequency (RF) channel without interference by
allocating unique time slots to each user within each channel
Antennas are critical links in the wireless signal chain. Right
antenna for the application yields a good signal coverage, increased S/N ratio, reduced
bit error rate, and lower power consumption all at very low cost. As cellular telephones
have evolved over the years, so have their components, particularly the antennas. Cellular
phone used to have large external antennas, but nowadays most cellular phones use an
internal antenna.
Antennas:
critical links in the wireless signal chain - right antennas can strengthen the chain
by yielding better signal coverage, increased S/N ratio, reduced bit error rate, and lower
power consumption all at very low cost
Designing
dual-band internal antennas - You can fit most cellular phones with an internal
antenna if you gain a thorough understanding of the physics of the problem and if your
performance expectations remain consistent within some fundamental limits.
Get The
Signal Loud And Clear - Antennas are a prime example of the challenges that still lie
ahead. Traditionally, antennas have been used to capture sufficient signals. While this is
still the case today, they must now do so in the face of a growing litany of requirements.
GSM1800
Moxon Square Antenna - If you are looking for an easy-to-build, ultra-cheap and good
performance antenna to extend the range of your GSM1800 band cellular telephone, you've
come to the right place. This little antenna claims works much better than the small tip
found in most cell-phones.
Guidelines
Geared Toward Antenna Design - Learn what the experts know about designing antenna
systems that really work, from mobile devices to base stations.
Smart
Antenna Systems Tutorial - A smart antenna system combines multiple antenna elements
with a signal-processing capability to optimize its radiation and/or reception pattern
automatically in response to the signal environment
FPGAs in Software
Defined Radios - An FPGA is an ideal platform for a software defined radio since it
has a re-configurable nature that allows system architects to customize hardware to their
specifications without committing to an architecture for the lifetime of a product. The
architecture of the FPGA is capable of being altered in order to adapt to the radio
requirements of a base station at a particular time as the bitstream of the FPGA is
changeable and re-programmable.
Mastering
Turbo Coding for Wireless Apps - Turbo coding has become a key ingredient in the 3G
system design process. Here's a look at the key elements of a turbo coder as well as some
implementation issues.
The Holy Grail of wireless communications is ubiquitous wireless
video. Hype has quickly been building around wireless video for the past few years. With
2.5G and 3G systems on the way, many have started to view the delivery of video content to
mobile phones as one of the killer apps. The challenge, however, is making this work.
Streaming video to a mobile phone places huge strains on the processing engine within
these systems.
The processing involved in streaming video applications can be
divided into roughly two types of functions: control and transport (CT) and media decode
(MD). The CT and MD functions have different processing requirements. CT is not
computationally intense and mainly involves string parsing, data packet manipulation, and
finite state machine implementation (suitable for normal microprocessors). The CTR
functionality usually used protocols like real-time streaming protocol (RTSP) session
control and real-time transport protocol (RTP) media transport. The MD functionality is
much more computationally intense because of the sophisticated signal processing required
by audio and video coding algorithms (suitable for DSPs or microprocessor with special
multimedia instructions).
In the next three years we will see wireless communication speeds go
from the existing and rather pathetic 9600 bps to an impressive 384 kbps. This will come
about with the implementation of Third Generation mobile networks or UMTS (Universal
Mobile Telephony Services).
Gearing Up
For Wireless Video with Compression - Sophisticated video compression standards, like
MPEG-4 and H263, make realtime video streaming on wireless handsets a reality - but not
without some complexity.
Wireless
Video--Get The Picture? - Today, wireless video is in the transitional phase between
the "advanced prototype" and "functional solution with practical
application"--what Geoffrey Moore might call, "crossing the chasm." All of
the enabling technologies currently exist and are either in the market, beginning to be
deployed, or will become available over the next 18 months. There is little doubt that
these technologies will make widespread, global wireless video a reality.
Wireless
Videophones and Windows CE - The increase in wireless bandwidths over the next few
years puts us on the verge of making wireless video as common as the cell phone in your
pocket.
Smart
Cards in Wireless Services Tutorial - presents a business case for the use of smart
cards or subscriber identity modules (SIMs) in the marketing and network operations of
wireless communications operators
Secure
Your Wireless Future - The recent trend toward Internet-enabled wireless devices has
prompted rapid growth of the mobile-commerce (m-commerce) marketplace. For this market to
really take off, users must feel comfortable transferring personal and financial
information via their wireless Internet connection. As a result, the issue of security
takes on renewed interest. Public-key-cryptography systems (PKCS), in particular, will
play a central role in providing users with the required level of comfort they desire.
Position-Location--Whose
Technology? - With the deadline looming for meeting Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) Enhanced 911 (E911) requirements for position-location services, vendors are
stepping up their efforts in order to deliver workable systems. But like so many other
wireless developments, they represent a growing number of disparate technologies.
Smart
Antenna Schemes For E-911 - With 2001 quickly approaching, designers of wireless
systems are faced with meeting an FCC mandate for E-911 functionality. By combining smart
antenna technology with direction-of-arrival (DOA) algorithms, engineers can develop
systems that provide accurate location information
Introducing
circuit and packet switching - There's much talk about the coming mobile internet,
about how people will have a wireless, always on connection to the web. How will that come
about? In two words, packet switching, a fundamental, elemental change between how
wireless was delivered in the past and how it will be presented in the future.
Implementing Java
on Cell Phones - Cell phones are becoming more complex and feature-rich. However,
users are still held hostage by the whims of manufacturers and carriers when it comes to
choosing applications they can run on their phones. Java technology is poised to change
this.
Software Bugs
Mobile Phones - Until recently, software for cellular telephones has been developed
entirely in-house, but the growing demand for more complex software is making the task
more difficult. As a consequence, the industry is now frequently outsourcing software
components, and introducing techniques to improve the development process.
Changing
the Memory Landscape in 3G Wireless Handsets - The evolution to third-generation (3G)
wireless services is truly changing the landscape of the handset design process. As voice
and data services converge in the mobile handset, DRAM architectures are emerging as a
strong solution for meeting the performance, cost, and density requirements of system
designers.
EDGE
Handsets: Baseband Processing Methodologies - The EDGE protocol has quickly gained
acceptance in the wireless market. As designers begin to rollout EDGE-based systems, they
must re-architect the baseband portion of their mobile phone designs so that they can
support voice and data functionality.
In 1993, Apple Computers vowed to reinvent portable computing. The
company promised an "all-being, all-knowing, all-doing" electronic device. It
would serve as an address book, day planner, notepad, fax machine, pager. It was designed
to be an easy to use electronic device in the palm of a human hand. Apple even devised a
catchy, hi-tech name for this miracle machine- the Personal Digital Assistant, or PDA for
short. After long waiting Apple released the world's first PDA, the Newton. The Apple
Newton grabbed people's imaginations, but did not capture their wallets.
Since then hordes of other companies attempted to take advantage of
Apple's failure. Each one of them released their own version of what they think is the
perfect PDA. Nowadays there are still many different PDA product from different companies
available. Simplest are only like electroni calendars and notebooks, while most powerful
ones have lots of processing power (like Compaq iPaq) and possibly communication functions
in them (like Nokia Communicator).
EDN
hands-on project: building pocket power - Astonishing portable computing and growing
popularity and power has lured legions of system developers to the Pocket PC platform.
This hands-on project examines the software tools that you can use to build your own
pocket applications.
Gaming
as serious business - Snicker about playing games at work, but the low cost,
appropriate features, and availability of Gameboy resources might change your mind about
using it as a nongaming, handheld terminal.
handhelds.org - site to encourage
and facilitate the creation of open source software for use on handheld and wearable
computers
PocketPC Registry
Tweaks - Here are some registry tweaks, also referred to as "hacks", for the
Pocket PC.
Power
down for portables - A big battery can mean small market share. Reducing power
consumption in your portable digital device is the "green" thing to do, as in
money.
Generally you can't use normal modem communications through celluar
networks, but generally they have some way to offer a similar service. Normal telephone
line modems do not work in most cellular teleohone systems in any acceptable way.
Generally the radio noise in unaccpetable on analogue cellular systems. And digital
cellular phones use speech codecs which compress speech to somewhat working soundgin
speecs, but cause quite weird thigns to some non-speech signals. For transferring data on
digital cellular systems (like GSM) the designers of networks have designed special data
service modes to carry data on the cellular network.
For example GSM network can carry data normally up to 9600 bps
(there are aalso higher speed high speed modes available with some operators and
equipments). The data interfaces on many cellular phones make the phone appear to
applications like it were a normal 9600 bps modem.
A brief
Overview of the GSM Radio Interface - This technical memorandum contains a compilation
of several papers, reports and books relative to the GSM-900 radio interface.
Data
Over Cellular: A Look at GPRS - GPRS is an extension of the GSM system, and uses the
same channels, the same modulation, and the same network backbone as the existing GSM
network
EDGE
in Wireless Data - EDGE is a new modulation scheme that is more bandwidth efficient
than the Gaussian prefiltered minimum shift keying (GMSK) modulation scheme used in the
GSM standard
High Speed Circuit
Switched Data (HSCSD) - High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) is a new high speed
implementation of GSM data techniques. HSCSD allows wireless data to be transmitted at
38.4 kilobits per second or even faster over GSM networks by allocating up to eight time
slots to a single user.
Improving
Accuracy in EDGE-Based Designs - To make 2.5G wireless systems a reality, system
developers need access to more sophisticated design and test techniques.
Short messsage service (SMS) is a messaging method included in GSM
system which allows sensing short messages from one cellular phone to another. GSM Short
Messages have a maximum length of 160 characters (from the SMS character set), or 140
octets. However, Short Messages can be concatenated to form longer messages. Besides
normal text based user to user messaging SMS system has been used to impement interfaces
to on-line services and for carrying other kind of data (like alarm tones and logos to
certain GSM phones). Short message service (SMS) is a globally accepted wireless service
that enables the transmission of alphanumeric messages between mobile subscribers and
external systems such as electronic mail, paging, and voice mail systems. SMS has also
been used for tranporting data like cellular phone ring tones and screen logos (for
example in Nokia Smart Messaging system).
Gnokii Project - software project
developing tools and drivers for Nokia mobile phones for Linux, BSD and other operating
systems
gsmlib - a library to
access GSM mobile phones through GSM modems, works under Linux and Win32 (Win95, NT 4.0),
supports several Nokia, Siemens and Ericsson cellular phone + several GSM cards
Multimedia Messaging is just around the corner. Multimedia Messaging
Service (MMS) is a new prominent wireless standard for multimedia. The idea behind MMS is
to enhance SMS type messagging to carry larger messages which can contain more text,
images, sound and possibly animation. MMS is expected to become a very popular messaging
service in the future in both today's GSM networks and 3G networks in the future. In GSM
networks the MMS service is generally implemented with the aid of GPRS service with is
used to transport the actual messages to GSM phone.
To be able to used the new MMS services, the consumers need net MMS
capable cellular phones and GSM operator need to update their networks with new features
to suport this service. Operators need for example Multimedia Messaging Service Centers
(MMSC) to handle the delivery of the Multimedia Messages (the operation of MMSC is
roughtly equivalent to what SMS center does to SMS messages). The key factors to make the
MMS a success story is the interoperability, interworking and the availability of the
types of handheld devices necessary to make widespread consumer and enterprise mobile
multimedia messaging a reality.
The MMS messgae itself consists of the message header and the
contents of the message (message body). The message body can consist of one or more part
(like files). The message body is coded as MIME type application/vnd.wap.mms. Basically
the information contained in the message can be in any format supported by the devices.
The standard information presentation formats are SMIL and WAP, but the device
manufacturers have agreed that the supported standard presentation language is SMIL. The
typical size of MMS messages is expeced to be around 6-30 kilobyes.
When messages are transported form application to the Multimedia
Messaging System, they are generally transporte dusing HTTP or SMTP protocols.3gpp Release
5 defines a SOAP based interface to MMS.
Introduction
to Messaging - Text messaging has been enabled by Short Message Service (SMS), Picture
Messaging brought along graphics, and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) now enables
digital image input.
MobileMMS.com - This site is
about Multimedia Messaging System. Here you can find for example news on MMS.
Cellular Networking
Perspectives - Cellular Networking Perspectives focuses mainly on the TR-45 standard
for cellular and PCS systems, but it often refers to the activities of other standards
committees.
High Rate Packet
Data Service for North American TDMA Digital Cellular Systems - Current North American
Time Division Multiple Access systems support voice services and circuit data services at
a rate limited to 9.6 kb/s. This paper provides a general overview of the proposed system
and describes flexible, high performance Medium Access Control (MAC) and Radio Resource
Management procedures that have been adopted by the TIA for high rate packet data services
over IS-136 TDMA channels.
Third generation mobile communciation systems often called with
names 3G, UMTS and W-CDMA promise to boost the mobile communications to new speed limits.
The promises of third generation mobile phones are fast Internet surfing, advanced
value-added services and video telephony. What will be the reality we will start to see in
few years. Mobile communication is promised to move from simple voice to rich media, where
we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.
There is tremendous excitement about the development of 3G wireless
telecommunication systems. Two major forces are driving the development of these 3G
systems. The first is the demand for higher data rate services, such as high-speed
wireless Internet access. The second requirement is the more efficient use of the
available radio frequency (RF) spectrum. This second requirement is a consequence of the
projected growth in worldwide usage of wireless services. W-CDMA is the emerging wireless
multiple access scheme for IMT-2000/UMTS.
But not all of this will happen at once. 3G is an evolution to a
communications ideal that no one completely understands yet. It seems that the deployment
of 3G will be slower than expected some time ago. Some analysts say that third generation
W-CDMA networks will not widely deployed until the ends of year 2003 or at 2004. There are
some technical problems still to be solved and many 3G operators have financial problems
in deploying their networks (the licensen in some European countries were very expensive).
Europe's 3G concessions are estimated to have cost licensees in the
region of GBP100 billion. Add to this the mammoth cost of rolling out new generation
network infrastructure and the not insignificant outlay involved in the testing of
networks and the total start-up figure may jump to GBP300 billion. The sheer size of this
figure has ensured that operators - and in particular their shareholders.
IMT-2000-online - WEB
portal site on the IMT-2000 / UMTS / 3G
ITU IMT-2000 - will provide
wireless access to the global telecommunication infrastructure through both satellite and
terrestrial systems
Powering
up 3G Handsets for MPEG-4 Video - MPEG-4 video is on the horizon, but an imbalance
between processing demands and processor capabilities presents a challenge for de-signers.
Adaptive computing may hold the key to good performance and low power consumption.
Suppressing
Errors in W-CDMA Mobile Devices - As the final specs for W-CDMA near completion,
handset designs offering wireless Internet access with voice and data capabilities are
close behind. But to make these products a reality, designers must first get a grip on
minimizing BER in the RF front end.
UMTS
- universal mess telephony system? - Lack of consensus in the industry may lead to
three different versions of future broadband mobile networks: one for Europe, one for
Japan and another for North America
What's Up
With 3G These Days? - It refers to the convergence of voice, video, and data and it
promises to impact virtually every wireless mobile device you develop and/or own. This
common understanding of just what it is that makes 3G important has, in a sense, served to
create the misconception that migrating to 3G is an easy task.
Wireless
for the rest of us - What happens to 3G dreams of universal connectivity in a year as
wretched as 2001? If you're the type of wireless carrier that has leveraged all available
resources to acquire licenses, you're probably already trapped in a spiral of debt and
despair, ready to follow the DSL service providers into oblivion. On the other hand, if
you're a service provider with deep pockets and an existing networks, you're no doubt
trying to decipher how to add mediation switch capabilities to metropolitan switching
centers, in order to transition to voice-over-IP (VoIP) networks.
ellular service providers are slowly beginning to deploy
third-generation (3G) cellular services. As access technology increases, voice, video,
multimedia, and broadband dataservices are becoming integrated into the same network. The
hope once envisioned for 3G as a true broadband service has all but dwindled away. While
3G hasn't quite arrived, designers are already thinking about 4G technology. To achieve
the goals of true broadband cellular service, the systems have to make the leap to a
fourth-generation (4G) network.
4G is intended to provide high speed, high capacity, low cost per
bit, IP based services. The goal is to have data rates up to 20 Mbps. Most propable the 4G
network would be a network which is a combination of different technologies (current
celluart networks, 3G celluar network, wireless LAN, etc.) working together usign suitable
interoperability protocols (for example Mobile IP).
Mobile
IP - Connecting a personal device to the Internet using Bluetooth or 802.11 wireless
Ethernet is that simple. Fortunately, mobile IP was designed to addressed sticky routing
issues involved in this type of communication system.
Modulation and
Demodulation Techniques for FPGAs - presentation slides from a presentation of digital
demodulation for FPGAs, includes implementation of an IS-95 North American Cellular Modem
in a Xilinx 4013 as an example
RF
Design of a TDMA Cellular/PCS Handset - this article describes a typical RF
architecture and focuses on key RF design considerations and trade-offs as applied to a
typical dual-band TDMA transceiver RF section, read also part 2 of the article
Integrating a
Nokia 6160 Cell Phone - This document is broken into two main sections, the first
reviews the concepts and information that was used to develop the approach to making the
interface box for handsfree car kits. The second part describes in detail the particular
approach the author took in making an interface box to work with the Nokia handfree carkit
for the 51xx and 61xx series cell phones.
Melody Central - A
huge list of Ericsson and Nokia melodies plus an Ericsson note converter, Ericsson and
Nokia keynote layout and all the information needed to enter them into your phone.
Nokia 6110
- Nokia 6150 Tech Info - Special control codes, new ring tones trick, connector
pinout, some charger information and information on carkit/headset menu and "auto
call receive" option.
Nokia
Armrest Charger - With this simple wire and circuit, you can free up your cigarette
lighter and make use of the convent outlet / space of the center armrest of your car.
Nokia Charger
Pinouts - Nokia phone connector information and information on charger.
Nokia
Codes Tips and Tricks - Check Nokia cellular phone IMEI, software revision, service
menu and other settings. Trics to add some new menu features to 6110 phone.
NOKIA DATA
CABLES and NOKIA HEADSETS! - This article describes cheap versions of Nokia n3210 /
Nokia 31xx/81xx MBUS data cables for connecting your phone to PC. This article also
describes how to build a headset or handheld for Nokia 51xx/61xx/62xx/71xx phone.
Revealing
Hidden Menus of Nokia 6110 - There are two menus on the Nokia 6100 series which are
not enabled by defualt, and only appear when some optional accessories are fitted, namely
the hands free kit or the car kit. This document has also information on Nokia 6150.
A global specification for wireless connectivity. The Bluetooth
solutions promise to provide a cable replacement technology that simplifies the
interaction between people and machines. It is designed to be a small form-factor,
low-cost, and low-power radio communiction technology. Bluetooth technology supports a
data transfer speed of 1 Mbit per second (Mbps) in the 2.4GHz band and communication at a
range of up to 10 meters. The downside is that Bluetooth is late the uptake and will
propably be much smaller than anticipated.
Bluetooth provides two types of physical links. The Synchronous
Connection Oriented (SCO) and the Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL) link. The SCO is used
for voice and the ACL is used for data. Simultaneously up to three synchronous voice
channels can be used. The data rate is 432 kbit/sec symmetrically and 721 / 57 kbit/s
asymmetrically. 79 channels with 1MHz carrier distance are available. The channels are
changed 1600 times per second (channel hopping). This is a pseudo-random sequence of 79
frequencies. In practical Bluetooth applications the transmitting only milliwatts, which
gives communication distance up to around 10 meters. The Bluetooth standard defines also a
higher power class of devices, which have maximum tranmission power is up to 100 mW and
with that transmission distance is up to 100 meters.
Bluetooth supports the 'ad-hoc networking' between different mobile
wireless devices for spontaneous networking and immediate communication. Two supported
network types are piconet and scatternet. Piconet is a network consisting of one master
and up to seven slaves. This means that generally one Bluetooth device can be at the same
time have connection up to seven other Bluetooth devices. Scatternet is a network formed
by several piconets.
Besides physical networking the Bluetooth standard defines also the
application layer. All Bluetooth services must be built based on the predefined Bluetooth
profiles. Bluetooth profile can be viewed as application class. There is currently 13
different Bluetooth profiles defined in Bluetooth 1.1 standard. Examples of such profiles
are wireless hands-free devices, file transfer and Internet connection through cellular
phone. The compatibility of Bluetooth devices depends on the supported profiles (if two
devices support same profile, they are compatible with the services provided with that
profile). Bluetooth supports also encryption (64 bit keys).
Bluetooth
Public Specifications - The publicly available Bluetooth Specifications may be
downloaded from this Web Page. Those specifications include Bluetooth V1.1 Core
Specifications, Bluetooth V1.1 Profile Specifications, Bluetooth Assigned Numbers,
Extended Service Discovery Profile, Personal Area Network Profile, Basic Printing Profile
and Hands Free Profile.
Can
Bluetooth And 802.11b Co-Exist? - Both the WLAN and Bluetooth devices occupy the same
2.4-to-2.483-GHz unlicensed frequency range--the same band, by the way, that is also
occupied by a number of other devices such as microwave ovens and cellular phones. Does
anyone see a problem here?
On
your marks for testing Bluetooth - The imminent market explosion of Bluetooth wireless
interfaces on products signals an RF measurement first for many test engineers.
The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is an open, global
specification which gives mobile users with wireless devices the opportunity to easily
access and interact with information and services. It is a collection of languages and
tools and an infrastructure for implementing services for mobile phones. WAP makes it
possible to implement services similar to the World Wide Web. Unlike marketers claim, WAP
does not bring the existing content of the Internet directly to the phone. There are too
many technical and other problems for this to ever work properly.
The protocol is developed by WAP Forum http://www.wapforum.org/, an organization of some of
the most powerful Internet and telecom companies. WAP is advertized as bringing "the
web"on your mobile phone, but in reality the bottom line is that WAP is not "the
web" on your mobile phone, but something a lot less. WAP can be used to build many
mobile phone specific services and used for giving very limited web access form th mobile
phones.
WAP consists of markup language (WML), scripting language
(WMLScript), picture format specification (WBMP), microbrowser specification, freamework
for wireless telephony applications, protocol stack and secure connections (WTLS)
specifications. WML is an XML based markup language used to describe the contents of the
WAP pages. WMLScript is a scripting language used with WML pages (this scripting language
is loosely based on JavaScript). On the WAP server side you can use a standard web server
to store wap pages and standard HTTP protocol to transfer pages from the web server to WAP
gateway. A WAP gateway is a piece of software between WAP device and the web server. WAP
gatway has to following functions: converting the markup language (WML) from textual
format to tokenized (binary/compressed) format which is readable by the WAP device,
translating the requests from the WAP device to HTTP requests for the "web"
world, convert between the SSL encryption used in the "web" world and the WTLS
encryption used in the WAP world and conversion from TCP protocol used in web to WDP
transport protocol used in WAP world. Optionally many gateways also perform other
conversions such as converting other types of files (plain text, simple HTML) into a WAP
readable format.
General information
Mobile commerce has
no future with 27 clicks - Secure mobile commerce transactions can be carried out with
existing systems and tools, but its is so complicated that the end users will not take to
mobile shopping. This was the result of a pilot study conducted by KPN Mobile and Nokia.
Introducing WML and
WMLScript - introductory tutorial in programming WML and WMLScript, beginning with
download and setup of the sample environment, the Nokia WAP Toolkit.
Introduction
to WML - tutorial where the user operates an onscreen PDA simulator to learn WML
concepts and keywords
Nokia WAP
Toolkit - offers developers a PC environment for creating, testing, and demonstrating
WAP applications, software, documentation, and basic support are free of charge
SEML -
Semi-Extensible Markup Language is a new language similar to XHTML and WML that allows the
serving of both WML or HTML from a single source document
Wappy - a free service for WAPsite
with redirecting and creating wap sites
Thought on WAP
WAP
will win - Sukhvinder Singh, responsible for building WAP.com´s mobile portal
explains why he thinks WAP will survive i-mode and take a big leap into the 3G world
iMode is a technology used in Japan to add Internet conenctivity and
web features to their PDC mobile phone system. iMode is a way of providing information to
mobile devices. It uses CHTML (Compact HTML) as a markup language, and uses more
traditional internet protocols to deliver it. The content is served using HTTP to a so
called iMode center (under the control of the developers of iMode, NTT DoCoMo). The iMode
center performs protocol conversions which enable the content to be delivered to the
phone.
Support for
i-mode Grows - Two vendors have announced software products that support both i-mode
and the competing Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), confirming that i-mode is gaining
momentum outside of its base in Japan.
Mobile and Wireless
Computing - web page to share information among researchers and practioners in the
facinating field of mobile and wireless computing
MobileIPworld.com - site
on using the Internet Protocol in Mobile Communications
VoiceXML
distributes voice to the masses - Tomorrow’s next-generation cell phones promise
access to the Internet. But why wait? VoiceXML now enables any phone to browse the Web.
VoiceXML promises to standardize various processing components for speech processing. By
distributing the processing load of speech processing, even "dumb" nodes, such
as rotary phones, can provide access to Internet services.
Satellite
video brings the world home - We can receive high-quality video feeds from almost
anywhere in the Western world. So, it's easy to assume that such links are standard and
ordinary. For much of the world, however, this situation is not the case. The
news-reporting path to your TV from remote lands, such as Afghanistan, which lacks a
wideband or cellular infrastructure, requires the careful merger of data-handling
geostationary satellites and portable earth-bound terminals. The Talking Head worldwide
video system needs only a small earth terminal and the Inmarsat satellite link to bring
Afghanistansand the rest of the worldsnews to your TV screen.
